MEG: A comparison with Other Functional Neuroimaging Techniques

Understanding is important to development of more complex procedure and ensuring efficiency in any area of operations. One of the tools used to develop a proper understanding and therefore diagnosis of a situation is the image of the situation. Sciences, technology, medicine and engineering all need images to be able to develop structures and operate efficiently. In neuroscience, the development of an image of inner brain tissues is important to developing an understanding of a situation as it really is and therefore coming up with proper diagnostic and management approaches that will ensure the situation is addressed as it should. Life being what it is there are a number of choices that can be made in the approach that will be used for imaging. Each of these approaches has significant advantage and disadvantages and an understanding of the differences is important in making a decision on which one is best applicable depending on the parameters that define a condition (Kretschmann,& Weinrich, 2003). MEG is one of the most common imaging techniques and the development of an understanding of the differences that it exhibits relative to others is important to its use. Advantages. Magnetoencephalography (MEG) implements a system where magnetic fields are produced by the aid of electric activity in the brain through use of highly sensitive devices. MEG which is common in research situation and clinical settings is one of the most commonly used approaches to neuroimaging. Surgeons have especially found MEG important in localising pathologies and researchers have used it in determining the various functions of parts of the brain, neurofeedback and in many other activities relating to the central nervous system. Many of the advantages of MEG are a result of its nature and principles that it applies in operations. Compared to functional imaging techniques like EEG, IMG has a number of key features that makes it more desirable; these are often considered in determining what neuroimaging technique will be applicable in either research or clinical situations (Holodny, 2008). MEG implements a system where the functions of the brain are directly measured. The main reason as to why imaging is necessary is to ensure a proper understanding of the state that the brain is and getting direct measures of the function is important and reduces the chance of error. Functional approaches like fMRI and SPECT use what can be best describes as functional measures to determine the state that the brain is in. Functional approaches which use variables that depict brain metabolisms to determine the functioning of the brain can be quite misleading for there are a number of variables that will have to be considered under such approaches. Moreover, errors can occur in translation of the metabolism variables to those that depict the state of the brain (Hillary,& DeLuca, 2007). When developing an image the clarity of the image that will be developed is important. In neuroscience and many other areas where imaging has to be done in an environment that is highly controlled the ability to develop clear temporal images is important (Anschel, Mazumdar,& Romanelli, 2007). This is due to the nature of the brain which requires low exposure to external activities and thus the idea of testing or imaging is in fact risky to the brain. MEG is considered to be an approach that has one of the highest temporal resolution. Events that have a time scale of milliseconds can be resolved accurately. Functional approaches like SPECT have much longer time scales and therefore the resolution of activities and development of a clear picture of the state that the brain is in is not as easy in such methods. It is worth noting that the brain being the centre of the nervous system is important and has a number of activities or events that occur within any given instant. The high resolution provided by MEG comes in handy and is important in capturing such events is therefore a better diagnostic tool in assessing the functionality of the brain inn consideration of the nature of the brain. In addition to the excellent temporal resolution, MEG has high levels of spatial resolution in that sources or objects can be located with millimetre precision. The brain is a small organ and it is one of the busiest in the human person. Information about the brain should be clear and precise; the high levels of precision that MEG has comes in handy and is important in coming up with clear accurate information on the performance of the brain. Neuroimaging is considered one of the most frightening event by people outside the medical fraternity. One reason as to why this is so is the invasive techniques used by functional imaging approaches. Isotopes and exposure to ray and magnetic field are used in other functional approaches and this is not only scary but also increases the health risks associated with neuroimaging and reduces the frequency of imaging allowed. MEG is unlike these functional techniques in this aspect in that EMG employs a system that is non-invasive. These property gives it an edge over other sin that it is even possible for children and infants to be studied repeatedly. Experts in neuroimaging and science are of the view that the reason as to why MEG has been widely adopted is its ability to be used alongside other approaches as it adds on to the picture to develop a clear understanding of the brain (Martin,& Caramazza, 2003). While no one can dispute this fact practical application of MEG is quite easy as compared to functional approaches which could have also played a role in its development. Technology and the employment of aid in imaging are aimed at easing understanding of the brain functionalities (Gazzaniga, & Bizzi, 2004). The ease that comes with the use of MEG is important and could be an avenue through which future generations use to reduce the complexity that neuroscience as a discipline has traditionally been linked with. The approach implemented by MEG makes it possible for its application in a variety of brain imaging processes. Sensory, language and memory cortex can all be imaged by use of MEG. An approach that is adaptable to multiple conditions is far much better that the ones that display low level of adaptability. This ability reduces the need to conduct multiple tests on individuals and therefore reduces the risk in imaging and costs in terms of finances and time associated with repainting imaging. The modern society is highly health conscious and the risks that come with functional approaches and the invasive mechanism that they employ make them undesirable. Moreover, there is increase in the need for multiple brain testing due to an unexplained increase in the number of mental and neurological cases. Cancer is fast becoming a threat and one would rather implement a system that does not pose any risk of cancer if there is an alternative. Put plainly, MEG would be the method of choice against any functional approach in consideration of the mechanism employed and risk posed. The fact that MEG affords high levels of clarity without being invasive gives it an advantage over the most commonly employed functional approach, EMG which has the con of being invasive. It is worth noting that the levels of clarity that the two approaches attain are comparable. Disadvantages MEG despite all the pros associated with its use has a number disadvantages that may make its use undesirable. Just like the advantages, the cons are resultant from the nature of mechanisms that MEG employs and are therefore internal to MEG as an approach to neuroimaging. These cons may affect the effectiveness of the approach and even increase the associated costs which may make it undesirable. A key drawback in use of MEG stems from the fact that the signals that depict the state of the brain are small and are in a magnitude order that is smaller than typical signal in a clinical environment. It is highly probable that the normal clinic environment may obscure the signals thus most MEG systems employ a shielding to deal with the interference. This is an additional cost that comes on top of installation costs. The cost of shielding and installation makes MEG one of the costly approach to imaging. Anyone who has ever been involved with a medical case that involved the brain will always remember the ordeal due to its nature and cost. The cost of neurological care is high and the employment of costly approaches definitely has a bearing on this cost. In addition, the fact that there is risk of interference by outside forces calls for proper assessment of the environment and continued assessment to ensure accuracy of findings by monitoring interference. Such costs are undesirable in the modern context of healthcare where cost of provision is high due to the high costs of operations. The brain being the centre of the nervous system engages in nearly all kinds of activities. Being a living organ, the brain metabolism is a variable that must be considered in any approach that seeks to determine the state that a brain is in. No full analysis or imaging of the brain can be done without considering its metabolic activity for it has a bearing on the state that brain is in. MEG employs a system that ensures direct measures of the brain activity and disregards any metabolic activity. This reduces the robustness of information that can be obtained by employment of this approach. Diagnosis of any clinical case and ones that involve the physiology of organs often take on an approach where direct measures and rate of metabolism are all determined and analysed (Barkovich, 2005). This is not the case in the implementation of MEG. MEG is more technical than functional approaches, there is therefore need for neuroscientists and technicians to master the internal workings of the machine that provide them with MEG functionalities. In addition to the cost that maintenance of the system has, it puts pressure on the technicians to learn more on the system and this could temporarily infringe on their performance as professionals. This also puts the assessment and imaging at risk of wrong results due to errors arising from hardware or technological failure. In its common application, MEG is used in association with other functional approaches. This is because of its failure to put into consideration the metabolic aspect on physiological assessment. Direct readings are a result of underlying metabolic activities and an understanding of both leads to development of robust analysis. When implemented with other functional approaches, MEG is employed as a secondary approach that brushes on findings from the functional approaches. Despite all its advantages, MEG cannot be used as a standalone approach to neuroimaging where a complete analysis of a condition is required. This is a disadvantage that reduces its effectiveness in application to medical conditions where there is no need for direct readings. Conclusion MEG has clear advantages and disadvantages. Its advantages provide it with high levels of adaptability, accuracy, precision and reduction of risk. All these are important if it is considered that any blunder in analysing the brain could lead to loss of life. The sensitiveness of the brain calls for approaches that are less risky and accurate. On the contrary, the disadvantages which include high cost of implementation; the fact that it cannot be implemented alone and its disregarding brain metabolism have a direct bearing on its advantages. The advantages are realisable but they have to be achieved at a cost which may be high for the ordinary person though a full analysis must often involve functional approaches. Despite this clear reduction in the impact of the advantages, the inclusion of functional approaches results in a robust analysis and a more serious approach to provision of healthcare services which is worth far much more than the cost involved.

LV & UV GCSE French Oral Examination Essay

There are four broad areas of questions for the general conversation section of the oral examination. These are listed below: 1. Lifestyle 2. Leisure 3. Home and environment 4. Work and education Amusez-vous bien et bon courage! Lifestyle Health 1. Qu’est-ce que tu aimes manger et boire? (State what you like to eat & drink & why, mention things you don’t like to eat & drink & why, what did you eat & drink yesterday, what is your favourite food/drink & why, is it healthy.) 2. Qu’est-ce que tu fais pour rester en forme? (Mention things you do to stay fit – what you eat & drink & how regularly, what sport/exercise you do, what you could do more of.) 3. Qu’est-ce qui n’est pas trà ¨s bon pour la santà ©? (Mention things which are not so healthy – e.g. smoking, alcohol, drugs, no exercise, do you do any of these things, how often, how could you be healthier.) 4. Qui fait la cuisine chez toi? Tu aimes bien cuisiner ? Tu le fais souvent? (State who normally does the cooking in your house, is the food good/healthy, how often do you cook, what can you cook, what did you make the last time you cooked, how was it?) Relationships and Choices 1. Quel à ¢ge as-tu? Quelle est la date de ton anniversaire? (State age, when your birthday is, how you celebrated your last birthday, what presents you received, what you would like to do for your next birthday.) 2. Quel genre de personne es-tu? (Describe what you look like, what your personality is like, what you like and don’t like doing and why.) 3. Dis-moi quelque chose au sujet de ta famille. (Talk about your brothers, sisters, parents – physical appearance, personality, what you like and don’t like doing with them and why, how well you get on with them all and why, what you did last weekend with them.) 4. Est-ce que tu as des animaux domestiques? (Discuss what your pet is, its name, age, how well you get on with it, whether you would like another or a new pet, who looks after/feeds the pet. If you don’t have any pet, say why and whether you would like a pet and why) 5. Dà ©cris ta meilleure amie. (Describe your best friend – physical appearance, personality, why she is your best friend, how long you have known her, what you did with her last week, how it was, what you plan to do with her next week.) 6. Dà ©cris l’homme de tes rà ªves ! (Describe what your dream partner would be like – physical appearance, personality, why he would be your dream partner, what is important for you in a dream partner and why.) 7. Est-ce que tu voudrais te marier et avoir des enfants à   l’avenir? (State whether you would like to get married and have children in the future and why or why not. Why is marriage important to you, what type of mother and wife would you like to be.) 8. Tu touches combien d’argent de poche? (State how much pocket money you get, from whom and how often, is this enough – why or why not, what you normally spend your pocket money on, what you bought last week, how much you save, what you are saving for, whether you would prefer to have a part-time job or simply receive pocket money, and why.) 9. Tes parents sont-ils sà ©và ¨res? Pourquoi (pas)? (A continuation of discussing how you get on with your parents – state what you have to do at home, what you are allowed and not allowed to do, whether you think this is fair or not, how would you like to improve your relationship with your parents.) Leisure Free time and the Media 1. Qu’est-ce que tu aimes faire pendant ton temps libre? (Mention three things you like doing in your spare time – e.g. shopping, music, sport, cinema etc, state how often you do this and with whom, say why you like these activities, say what you like to do in good/bad weather, in summer/winter.) 2. Qu’est-ce que tu n’aimes pas faire pendant ton temps libre? (State three things you don’t like doing in your spare time and why, mention something you did last week which you did not enjoy and why.) 3. Est-ce que tu aimerais essayer un nouveau passe-temps ? Pourquoi ? (Mention a new hobby you would like to try out and why, mention also one you wouldn’t want to try out and why.) 4. Tu regardes souvent la tà ©là ©? Quelle est ton à ©mission prà ©fà ©rà ©e ? (State how often you watch TV – in the week and at the weekend, with whom you watch TV, what you saw on TV yesterday, what your favourite programme is, why, describe what type of programme it is and what usually happens, state what you don’t like on TV and why.) 5. Tu vas souvent au cinà ©ma? Parle-moi du dernier film que tu as vu. (State how often and with whom you go to the cinema, what are your favourite types of film and why, describe a film which you went to see recently, what happened, who the actors were, why you liked or disliked it, to whom you would recommend this film.) 6. Aimes-tu lire? Quel type de livres aimes-tu lire? Quel est ton livre prà ©fà ©rà ©? Pourquoi ? (State how often you like to read and which types of book, talk about your favourite book – title, author, what happens, why you like it, what you would like to read in the future and why.) 7. Qu’est-ce que tu as fait le weekend dernier pendant ton temps libre? (Talk about two activities you did last weekend – what, where, with whom, how much it cost, what the weather was like, whether you enjoyed it or not.) 8. Qu’est-ce que tu vas faire le weekend prochain? (Talk about a couple of things you will do next weekend – what, with whom, where, whether you’re looking forward to it & why.) 9. Comment sont les magasins prà ¨s de chez toi? (Describe what the shopping options in your area are like, how far do you live from the shops, how you travel there, favourite types of shops and why, what you bought the last time you went shopping, is it better to travel to London for shopping, why.) 10. Tu touches combien d’argent de poche? (State how much pocket money you get, from whom and how often, is this enough – why or why not, what you normally spend your pocket money on, what you bought last week, how much you save, what you are saving for, whether you would prefer to have a part-time job or simply receive pocket money, and why.) 11. Est-ce que tu utilises beaucoup internet ? (Talk about how often you use the internet and what for, e.g. for homework, to write to friends and family, to listen to music and watch programmes) 12. Est-ce que tu as un tà ©là ©phone portable ? (Explain if you have a mobile phone and how often you use it. You could also talk about whether you pay for the bill or whether your parents do. Is it fair ?) 13. Est-ce que les nouvelles technologies peuvent à ªtre dangereuses ? (Talk about the possible dangers of the new techonologies, particularly the internet, but also of their benefits, e.g. the advantages of having a mobile phone) Holidays 1. Qu’est-ce que tu as fait pendant les dernià ¨res grandes vacances? (State where and with whom you went, how you travelled, where you stayed, what the accommodation was like, what you did during the day, what you ate and drank, whether you liked it, what the weather was like, mention one thing you didn’t like and why, what the people were like, whether you want to return next year.) 2. Que fais-tu normalement pendant les vacances de Noà «l? (State what you normally do in the Christmas holidays, where you go, or whether you stay at home, whom you visit, what you do, what you eat and drink, which presents you received last year, what the weather is normally like, what you would like to do in the next winter holidays.) 3. Oà ¹ iras-tu pendant les prochaines vacances? (State where you will go and why, with whom, where you will stay, what you will eat and drink, what the weather will be like, what you hope to do in the day and in the evening, how long you will stay, whether you are looking forward to it.) 4. Es-tu dà ©jà   allà ©e en France? (State whether you have been to France – e.g. Vallà ©e de la Loire, say if you liked it and why, say where you went, what you did, what the weather was like, what the food and drink were like, whether you would like to return, what the people were like, say what the main differences between France and England are for you.) 5. Que peuvent faire les touristes dans ta rà ©gion? (State whether your area is good for tourists or not, list three things tourists can do, what the transport is like, what the accommodation is like, what the weather is like in the summer, what one can do in the evening, whether there are any good restaurants in the area, which sights you’ve visited in the area, whether you would recommend the area to tourists.) 6. Est-ce que tu prà ©fà ¨res partir en vacances en famille ou avec des amis? Pourquoi ? (Explain why you prefer going on holiday with your parents or friends. Talk about the advantages and disadvantages of both options. Explain whether there are any drawbacks when going on holiday with friends. Talk about a previous experience.) Home and Environment Home and Local Area 1. Oà ¹ habites-tu? Oà ¹ se trouve cette ville/ce village? (State where you live and where it is situated, say what type of town/village it is, say why you like or dislike living there, say what is nearby, what is good for tourists, what the weather is like in summer and winter.) 2. Dà ©cris-moi ta maison. (Describe what type of house you live in and where in the town/village it is situated, how long you have lived there, list some of the rooms upstairs & downstairs, say if you have a favourite room and why, describe the furniture in your bedroom and whether you like it, describe the garden and what you like to do there. Say where you used to live when you were younger and which one you prefer) 3. Oà ¹ aimerais-tu habiter plus tard? Pourquoi ? (State where you would most like to live and why, what there is to do there, what the weather is like, whether you prefer living in a town or in the country and why, what is there to do there at night, say why you would or wouldn’t want to live abroad.) 4. Tu vas souvent dans le centre de Londres? (Say how far you live from London, how often you go there, what there is to do there, how you travel there, what you did the last time you went to London, say one thing you dislike about London and why.) 5. Qu’est-ce que tu fais d’habitude pour Noà «l/Pà ¢ques à   la maison? (State what you normally do at Easter/Christmas at home, who visits, what you eat & drink, what you did last Easter/Christmas, presents, what would you like to do at Easter/Christmas next year?) Environment 1. Quels sont les problà ¨mes d’environnement dans ta rà ©gion et dans le monde? (List some of the environmental problems in your area and state why the environment is important to you, mention some of the environmental improvements in your area and around the world.) 2. Que peut-on faire pour protà ©ger l’environnement? Que faites-vous dans ta famille pour protà ©ger l’environnement ? (Mention several ways in which one can help the environment, state what you personally and your family do to help the environment, mention one thing you did last week to help, suggest a way in which your area could be more environmentally-friendly. Explain what would happen if we didn’t do something soon.) Work and Education School and Future Plans 1. Parle-moi de ton à ©cole. (Describe your school in every aspect – name, location, number of pupils, staff, private girls’ school, times of the school day, activities at lunchtime, what the school food is like, sports’ facilities, what you like & dislike about your school.) 2. Qu’est-ce que tu à ©tudies comme matià ¨res? (Mention some of the subjects you’re learning, say why you like & dislike some, say if you have a favourite lesson & why, are there other subjects you would like to learn?) 3. Parle-moi de ton uniforme scolaire. (State what your school uniform is, do you like it, would you prefer to have no school uniform, is uniform sometimes good?) 4. Qu’est-ce que tu as l’intention d’à ©tudier l’annà ©e prochaine pour le bac? (State which subjects you would like to learn next year and why, will you stay at this school or move somewhere else, state which subjects you would not like to learn next year & why.) 5. Est-ce que tu trouves l’à ©cole stressante? (Talk about what makes life at school stressful. You could mention the amount of homework that you receive everyday, the number of tests that you have and how difficult the exams are. You could talk about how easy life used to be like in primary school) 6. Comment pourrait-on amà ©liorer ton à ©cole? (Make a couple of suggestions as to how your school could be improved – e.g. having boys, no school uniform, better food/facilities etc.) 7. Est-ce que tu veux faire des à ©tudes à   l’università ©? (State whether you would like to go to university, where, to study what, why, or why you don’t know yet.) Current and Future jobs 1. Est-ce que tu as un petit boulot? Est-ce que tu voudrais en avoir un? (State whether you have a part-time job, what you do, where you work, how much you earn, do you like it, why, what you spend you money on, or say whether you would like a part-time job, doing what, earning how much, how you go about looking for work) 2. Qu’est-ce que tu voudrais faire comme mà ©tier plus tard? Pourquoi? (State what you would like to do career-wise, type of job, how much money you would like to earn, would you like to live/work abroad, why this is a good choice for you, what is your dream job & why.) 3. Quels sont les avantages et les inconvà ©nients des diffà ©rents metiers? (Talk about 2 or 3 different professions that you may find interesting and discuss their advantages and drawbacks)

A porters 5 forces analysis of Wipro Ltd (Indian IT Outsourcing) Essay

A porters 5 forces analysis of Wipro Ltd (Indian IT Outsourcing) - Essay Example The model specifically addresses competition concerns within and without the industry in a bid to evaluate and assess the profitability of firms prior to their competition strategies. The following is an analysis of Wipro Ltd in this regard: Competition is a crucial undertaking for any given business entity. For Wipro Ltd, rivalry pertains to countering forces of advancing technologies from time to time and ensuring that sit meets customer needs as they fall due. In so doing, new and existing firms in the same line of service offering are essential to consider. Wipro Ltd seeks to create customer value that remains competitive and reliable over time in order to keep its business aspect attractive to its customers both in the short run and long run. Entry of new firms in the industry poses threats to the revenue earnings and profitability of Wipro Ltd. Unlike other markets, the information technology is characterized by relatively low barriers to entry. The diversity and dynamism associated with IT services consistently lead to the emergence of new firms. To counter threats of new entrants, the company has diversified its service offering portfolio by establishing Wipro divisions which take advantage of new IT needs in the market. Rival firms offer similar but relatively differentiated IT and consultation services. This gives customers a variety of products and services to choose from. Maintaining high profitability in such an environment requires that the services offered be affordable to the customers. However, it is important that the firm observes its costs of operation in order to strike a balance between pricing and operational costs. To account for this scenario, Wipro Ltd evaluates the IT industry from time to time in order to determine factors that affect consumer behaviour, triggering demand for substitute services. This is a

Separation of powers and checks and balances AND bill become law Essay

Separation of powers and checks and balances AND bill become law - Essay Example Each of these branches of government holds different powers. Another prominent aspect of this government structure is the system of checks and balances. In these regards, the system of checks and balances is such that each of the branches of government is structured to check and balance the powers of the opposing branches. There are a variety of instances in which this system of checks and balances work. In terms of the legislative branch, this function of government checks the executive branch through its ability to enact impeachment proceedings against the President; the legislative branch also oversees the judicial branch as it has the ability to oversee judges for committing crimes or unethical actions (Douglas). In terms of the executive branch, the President holds veto power over bills based in the House and the Senate (Douglas). Finally, the judicial branch oversees the legislative branch through its ability to interpret laws passed by this branch of government (Douglas). A fundamental aspect of the American government is its fluid ability to pass and amend laws. The Constitution established the process where a bill becomes a law. The overarching process where a bill becomes a law occurs as a bill is brought to the House of Representatives ("U.S. Constitution") . The Congress must agree on the law and pass it with majority approval. After the bill passes through Congress it is sent to the Senate where it also must be approved. After the bill passes the Senate it is then sent to the President. The President must sign the bill into law. If the President doesn’t support the bill he has a veto power. If the President decides to veto the bill, then it returns to Congress. Congress then has the option to override the veto if they are able to attain 2/3rds-voting support for the measure. This is referred to as overriding a veto ("U.S. Constitution"). In addition to this overarching process of passing a bill into

Identify and research a problem caused by a U.S. corporation and then Essay

Identify and research a problem caused by a U.S. corporation and then to convince the audience that something must be done to stop them from doing this - Essay Example Even the crucial and vital concerns like statutory provisions, environmental laws, social norms, business ethics and general well being of the society are more then often compromised by the corporations to achieve their fiscal and marketing targets (Chris 16). Any well informed citizen with reasonable levels of exposure to the print and digital media will conclusively testify to the fact that more then often corporations have been found to be willing to damage the world to make more money. This deliberate willingness to hurt the human values by any individual or institution definitely deserves the concern and intervention of a civil society based on democratic values and ideals. The US based corporations, being a part of a thriving capitalist and democratic society, aught to be held responsible for the breach of statutory provisions and public trust committed by them. However, the primary problem hampering this ideal is the fact that the corporations have over the years, assimilated themselves into the society in a way that does not extend the people with specific rights and mechanisms to facilitate a close scrutiny of their day today operations. The very framework and design of the corporations extends them with the ability and power to side step or sideline the public intervention or interference. Public institutions run by the tax payers' money are constitutionally accountable to the masses and the people do have the power to comment on the validity of the decisions taken by them, though indirectly through the provision of voting and adult franchise. The private corporations tend to differ from the state institutions in the sense that they are not liable to seek the approval and validation of the masses as they are privately funded and managed. Besides the enormous funds and political power that they have at their disposal makes them practically immune to public opinion and concern. Infact such an arrangement stands to be a grave injustice to any free and democratic society. The society can not and should not be denied the right to have a say in the affairs of such big and powerful concerns like private sector corporations.This heavy handedness of the US based MNCs becomes even more unrestrained when it comes to doing business in the third world nations. Not only the statutory and monitoring arrangements in the third world countries are often vulnerable to outside influences and powers, but the rampant corruption in such nations makes it relatively easier for the private corporations to bypass and ignore the public well being, environmental laws and business ethics (Basu 34). Even if their misdeeds and blunders get exposed owing to the media activism, the massive clout and influence that the US corporations enjoy in the federal and state legislatures facilitates them with ample government backing and support, which is sometimes sufficient to snub or scare away the state and private objections and resistance. At the end of the day, the corporations have to prove it to their stockholders that they are making huge profits. This quest for profit motivates and lures the corporations to exploit and manipulate the loopholes existing in the arcane laws and administrative structures in the

Research Paper about Marijuana legalization - Criminal Justice Studies

About Marijuana legalization - Criminal Justice Studies - Research Paper Example This research paper is therefore important for identifying whether or not alternative responses to the social, economic and health issues linked to marijuana may be more appropriate. This research paper therefore proposes to identify the social, economic and health issues linked to the abuse of marijuana and whether or not the cost of decriminalizing marijuana is proportionate to these issues. I chose this topic because I have personally observed friends who use marijuana regularly. Some of these friends function no differently than friends who do not use marijuana. Some of these friends however appear to be lackadaisical and unmotivated and do not function productively. I found the disparity in my friends’ functioning interesting and wondered if the different reactions to marijuana use influence the controversy over whether or not marijuana use should be controlled by legislation. This research is conducted by a review of the literature on the pros and cons of legalising mari juana and the literature on the social, economic and health consequences of marijuana use. ... Significance of the Study 10 VI.Research Methodology 10 VII.Organization of the Study 11 Chapter Two 13 A Review of the Literature 13 I.Introduction 13 A.Public Opinion 13 B.Legal Issues 16 C.Economic Issues 18 D.Social and Health Costs 22 II.Conclusion 25 Chapter Three 26 Research Methodology 26 Chapter Four 29 Results and Analysis 29 I.Results 29 A.Semi-Structured Interviews 29 B.Questionnaires 31 III.Conclusion 35 IV.Strengths of the Research 36 V.Weaknesses of the Research 36 VI.Areas for Future Research 36 Bibliography 41 Chapter One Introduction to the Study I. Introduction An increase in marijuana use during the 1990s has given way to an intensification of the debate on the legalization of marijuana (Strang, Wilton, & Hall, 2000). Proponents in favor of legalizing marijuana argue that marijuana is harmless when used as a recreational drug and has therapeutic/medicinal value. Opponents of legalizing marijuana argue however, that marijuana should remain a banned substance since its use is harmful to personal health and to public safety (Strang, et. al., 2000). In more recent times the debate over the legalization of marijuana gained increasing currency with the medical community’s involvement. Within the medical community there was sufficient recognition of the medicinal value of marijuana to persuade some states to legalize marijuana for medicinal purposes. Medicinal marijuana is said to be an effective therapy for pain, nausea and vomiting linked to chemotherapy, excessive weight loss in AIDS patients and can help patients tolerate the side effects of some conventional treatments. Convinced of its medical value, between 1996 and

E-business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

E-business - Essay Example ainst this background, this report seeks to critically explore some of the measures that can be put in place by Friendly Supermarket which has underscored to transform from the traditional use of price tags at the tills while processing a transaction to a modern and sophisticated system that uses scans to detect the bar codes which in turn detect the product and its price. Friendly supermarket is developing this system from scratch and this report seeks to outline the major requirements as well as the benefits of adopting this new system to the top management of the group of supermarkets in Port Elizabeth. Revamping the traditional method of using price lists at the tills or price tags on all products as the only source of getting the correct price for the product at Friendly Supermarket requires a holistic approach since it will certainly bring about various changes to the infrastructure. The traditional method meant that more people would be on the floor sticking prices to each single product in the supermarket using the rivet stickers. However, the new system would see a dramatic shift from this traditional way to a sophisticated method aided by the use of computers and scanners. The major change to the infrastructure would be the introduction of computers in many departments including the till areas and these would be connected to a single server so as to ensure a smooth network. This would also require a system that is capable of holding large quantities of data and can process it at a tremendous speed so as to ensure effectiveness and efficiency compared to the traditional way of sticking price tags on each single product. This system would require all the bar codes on the products to be captured where all necessary details about the product would also be recorded. In this case, the name of the product, quantity as well as price would be recorded against the barcode of that particular product. Scanners connected to the computer servers in the supermarket

Base on the report that has written. Continue to write on the parts Assignment

Base on the report that has written. Continue to write on the parts that have been highlighted in green colour. The assessment, - Assignment Example It is therefore recommended for the children to wait until they attain the required age. Although it is quite unknown on the implication of marathon to underage, the experts have recommended them waiting until they attain puberty (Bredemeier, et al. 1986). Most doctors recommend children to avoid long distance because of trauma and can lead to bone doings. When someone trains for a marathon, it is normally tough mentally and physically, exhausting and time consuming. Therefore, underage it is highly possible to affect someone priorities such as education (Bredemeier, et al. 1986). Before someone embarks on the long distance/marathon, it is suggested top run 10kms or even 4kms. Therefore, completing the race would be a major boost. 1.2 The Macro, Micro and Risk management context In the Sydney Marathon, the macro, micro, and risk management context would involve consideration of safety issues from an individual level to the safety of the group taking part in the marathon. The safety a nd well-being of all participants is of great importance if the team has to win. This has to focus on risks affecting individuals in person and those affecting the participants collectively (K. M. Nohr 2009 ). This would happen with respect to the protection of the best interests of the group or organization. A comprehensive risk management plan would be required to achieve the best level in ensuring safety of every participant in the group participants. One of the key factors to consider is working by the fundamental laws of the group. The three basic elements in risk control would be ensured. These elements include risk assessments, control, and financing (Katharine 2009). 2. The Risks Associated with The Trip The trip to the Sydney marathon will be like any other trip faced with uncertainties’ of risks such as injuries that include musculoskeletal injuries, bruises, cuts, fractures, as well as dislocations. There are also cases of accidents, which could result into injurie s, or death of some participants (Nohr 2013). These cases may make most of the participants fail to participate. Dealing with this risk would require that the number of participants in the marathon be more to initiate replacements especially in those sports involving collaborative participation. There should be provisions for first aid and medical care in case of accidents (Nohr 2013). 2.1 Location Analysis The marathon is specifically located in the Sydney International Regatta Center. This center is located in the west, 44 kilometers from the Sydney Olympic park. The risks associated with this location include the additional costs in terms of time and money involved since it is far, about one hour-drive, from the Central business district of Sydney (Office of Communities Sports and Recreation 2013). Other risk involved in this location is the raggedness of land due to the hilly lands. The climate would also be horrible for the group since most of the members are not used to tropic al climatic conditions. 2.2 The People The group selected includes 20 people but there is a risk that not the all members in the group will participate. Four people in the group are elderly, aged between 60 and 70. Two people are above 75 year but they can hardly take part due to their health problem. Four of them are children aged between 4 and 10 but one of them is suffering chronic asthma and another suffers peanut allergy. Six people are aged

Fields of dreams Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Fields of dreams - Movie Review Example This film’s theme was about a man’s search for his father. He hears heavenly voices, develops a field of baseball on faith and converses with famous dead players who appear to be angels. In the film, Terence Mann tells Ray Kinsella that crowds will come, because they have money and lack peace. He also states that the crowds can even dip themselves, just like a religious rite, in magic waters (Wood et al, 70- 72). Both the Natural and Field of Dreams show how baseball is redemptive. In The Natural, Roy Hobbs, in his journey of becoming the â€Å"best there ever was†, experiences a short fall when his career is ended before he achieves his dream. Through baseball, however, sixteen years later, he comes back and manages to redeem himself by achieving his dreams and being able to fulfill his role as a patriarchal family figure. This is also demonstrated in Field of Dreams, whereby the voice of Ray’s dad drives Ray to generate this illogical field as is brought out through the personification of the Voice. However, it represents a space whereby ghosts from the past can come back from the purgatory of a cornfield to be with the present-day people (Wood et al, 72). 2. Hearing plays a very important role in Field of Dreams. Ray Kinsella, played by Kevin Costner, creates the ball field for Joe, the â€Å"Shoeless Joe†. ... This happens also because a voice had instructed him so. Compared to the role of sound in The Exorcist, while in Field of Dreams hearing is excellently used to build more on the theme of the film, this is not the case in the Exorcist. In the Exorcist, sound is several decibels higher compared to the visuals, which augments the tension of the audience. When for example, Regan is brought in the foreground, as she listens to her mother, the sound of the voice of Chris is shrill and piercing. In Field of Dreams, cause-and-effect is demonstrated by Costner’s clear view of his logic supporting his intuition. Having a clear vision of the cause-effect judgment behind his intuition, Kevin Costner followed his instincts and then went on to take action to ensure things happened to keep the farm. Costner says â€Å"If we build it, then they will come.† This quote is about a principle that is profound for not just Costner but for the film as well. At the time he was saying the words , the farm was in foreclosure, which makes it justifiable to presume that the higher objective was to save the farm. It is this goal of saving the farm that focused his project, and ended up contributing to the objective of using baseball to reconnect with his father (Baltov, p. 40). 3. Imagination plays a very important role in the discussion of God. Imagination answers the question of how people can begin to perceive God. The most appropriate manner of trying to perceive God is using our minds that are limitless; our imagination. Imagination is limitless and beyond the primitive logic of people, which makes it important when discussing God. Worth noting is that coincidentally, God is described in the same way, a limitless way. When forming an image of God, it is important that

Digital Photography Coursework Essay Example for Free

Digital Photography Coursework Essay For this coursework we had to design a book cover on a theme of our choice that comprises of our own original digital photography. The theme I have decided to base my book cover on is â€Å"Poverty†. I wanted to make a book cover with a visual integrity, which means that I wanted the reader to get the theme of the book by just looking at the cover. I wanted a simple but elegant piece of work. In order to make a great book cover I had to first of all has a great photography based on my theme. Luckily, my father organised a trip to India during the Christmas holidays. I decided to use this opportunity to bring my camera and take some pictures. I have a Canon 600D camera with the 55-70mm kit lens. I am always passionate by photography. I like taking pictures during my free time and upload them on my social page. During the trip I went to a small village called â€Å"Kichocha† in Lucknow, New Delhi. It is a really poor village with people living in huts. I then took a Cycle Rickshaw also known as a â€Å"Pedicab† and ride through the villages taking pictures. In order to get good pictures while in a vehicle I used the sport mode on the camera, because the sport mode uses a higher shutter speed to help stop fast actions. I took some great photographs during the trip that shows the true lives of the Indian. When I was back from my trip, I went through all the pictures I have taken and chose the right one suitable for my book cover. I have chosen that particular pictures because, it was one of my favourite and also was the most likeable by my friends on my social page. It also has a lot of spaces to input my texts. I also wanted a picture that the people will notice and remember. The reader always remembers powerful images on a book cover. I think this picture has done the job based on the likability of my friends. I then started editing the pictures. The software that I have used is Adobe Photoshop CS6. The reason I have chosen this software is because I am very familiar with this program since I have used it several times for previous works. I find it a very professional image-processing tool that is easy to operate. During the editing phase, I first of all had to crop the image since the work should be submitted in A4 layout. I have cropped the image in a way that I get the interesting part of the pictures in focus and also leaving space for the texts and book spin. I then did some research online of book covers of how they place their titles, subtitles, authors etc. I then created my title. I based my title from the theme of the picture itself, named â€Å"The Little Indian†. I wanted the book to look like a novel based on the life of that little boy climbing the wall. For the title, I have decided to place it at the top because there was nothing interesting to show the audience from on top of the image apart from buildings. For the font I wanted a typography that are clean, readable and that match with the theme of the photography. I have used Lucida Black Letter for the word â€Å"India†. I find it a bit like Indian style fonts. I then used different fonts for the word â€Å"The† and â€Å"Little† to make it look like a logo instead of a basic one-line sentence. For the colours I have chosen colours that make the texts pop out from the image, since the image is already very colourful. I find that green, red and yellow work well together for the title. I also applied stroke and shadow to the text to make it more easily for the viewer to read. I then designed the subtitle. I firstly did some research online to find a good phrase for my subtitle that reflects my theme. I then came up with â€Å"A true story of Poverty and Wealth†. I think subtitle is important in book cover, because it reflects the tone and emotion of the book with just a single line. I then came up with the idea of making the subtitle perspective with the wall. In order to attain this effect, I used the Vanishing Point Filter with the help of some tutorials online. I think it makes it look cool and interesting to read. This will keep the viewer interested with the way the text is attached to the picture. I then made the author name, using white impact front. The reason I have chosen Impact front is because I find it popularly used by designers and also it is easy to read and grabs the attention of the viewer. For the spin, I made the background in black colour so that the title on the spin is readable. I have used impact as font for the title and author name. I made the title on the spin same colour as the original logo title on the book cover to make it look more attractive on the shelves. I additionally add a publisher logo on the spin to make it look more realistic for a book cover. What I have learnt during the design process is planning and time management. I think both are important in making projects efficient. I have also improved my Photoshop Skills. I have learnt how to use the Vanishing Tool with the help of some tutorials online. For the camera, I could have much better pictures if I had a Zoom Lens for my camera instead of the kit lens. I could also have a better title logo if I knew how to use other software like Adobe Illustrator, which is more specialised in creating logos. I also feel that I lack some knowledge in using the correct colours for the fonts. However I manage to make it look good with the help of some friends’ feedbacks. Overall I am satisfied with the project.

Organizational behaviour | Knowledge and power

Organizational behaviour | Knowledge and power ABSTRACT Much of the recent sociological debate on power revolves around the issue of the enabling nature of power. A comprehensive account of power has been discussed in the report i.e power of knowledge, power of money and power of social class and the ways in which these powers can be altered in the future. Much of this debate is related to the works of the French philosopher Michel Foucault (1926-1984), who, following the Italian political philosopher Niccolà ² Machiavelli (1469-1527), sees power as a complex strategic situation in a given society [social setting]. Being deeply structural, his concept involves both constraint and enablement INTRODUCTION Power is one of the most important determinants of managerial effectiveness. Bennis and Nanus (1985) regarded it, as the basic energy needed to initiate and sustain actions. It is a factor without which, leaders cannot lead. It provides the capacity to translate intentions into reality. Power is at the essence of managerial actions and leadership. It can be defined as the potential ability to influence behavior, to change the course of events, to overcome resistance and to get people do things that they would not otherwise do (Pfeffer, 1981) Balance of Power Because power operates both relationally and reciprocally, sociologists speak of the balance of power between parties to a relationship: all parties to all relationships have some power: the sociological examination of power concerns itself with discovering and describing the relative strengths: equal or unequal, stable or subject to periodic change. Sociologists usually analyse relationships in which the parties have relatively equal or nearly equal power in terms of constraint rather than of power. Thus power has a connotation of unilateralism. If this were not so, then all relationships could be described in terms of power, and its meaning would be lost. Even in structuralist social theory, power appears as a process, an aspect to an ongoing social structure. One can sometimes distinguish primary power: the direct and personal use of force for coercion; and secondary power, which may involve the threat of force or social constraint, most likely involving third-party exercisers of delegated power. Etzioni (1961) talked about two kinds of power: position power and persona/power Position power refers to ability to induce or influence others behavior because of ones position in the organization. French and Ravens (1959) legitimate power can be considered position power. Employees obey the orders of those who have formal authority or position power Taking my position as the ticket consultant, I find that Ive several powers that are directed towards both seniors and subordinates. One of the powers is persona/ power. i e this is where individuals derive their power from their own skills and efforts. Persona/ power is the extent to which subordinates are willing to follow the leader. This personal power has extended my affection, love, consideration, encouragement, recognition and attachment. Bass, Wurster and Alcock (1961) found that people want to be valued and esteemed mainly by those whom they value and respect. Therefore people bestow such persons with personal power. It is therefore clear that personal power comes from below and can be taken away more quickly by the subordinates as compared to position power. French and Ravens Referent Power and Expert power would form part of personal power. Other than the personal power, which calls for respect from the seniors, there is also the power of authority. This power is mostly directed to the subordinates in the office. It can be subdivided into: Line authority. This is the authorityover subordinates inmy chain ofcommand. However this authority corresponds directly to the place within my chain of command and does not exist outside my chain of command i.e this power cannot be exercised beyond my department Staff authority. This is the rightof staff to counsel, advice, or make recommendations to line personnel, and as a member of staff, I feel this is one of the powers that I possess. This type of authority though doesnt give me the right to give line personnel orders that affect the mission of the line organization The managers, possess the power of authority and position power over their subordinates of which am one. Position power and authority have been interchangeably used in the present times based on Etizionis findings. This is by applying various tactics, some of which are: Authority to sanction, i.e. any permission or approval that makes any course of action valid is under them. Therefore any intention to misuse their power and an important idea seeking their approval results to waste. This influential principle dictates what and when.a choice is to be made. Michener and Burt (1975) examined factors responsible for leadership success in eliciting compliance. They reported that compliance was greater when leaders explained that their demands as good for the group, had power to punish persons who did not comply to the leaders commands, and had a legitimate right to make demands on subordinates. Another study (Gamson, 1968) suggested that leaders would shift toward coercion of subordinates if they perceived that they lacked subordinates approval but did have the legitimate authority for asking for compliance Authority to Reward i. e having the final say in matters pertaining to promotions, working is directed towards trying to appease the seniors, with a notion of hard work recognition that will lead to a promotion. This results to award of promotions without merit considerations. Persuasiveness contributes positively to powerfulness of managers while appeasement and doing favors to superiors contributes negatively to the same. Powerful managers perceive their subordinates behavior relatively more positively. Enforcing discipline, pressure for compliance, persuasiveness and authority to reward emerge then as important influence strategies to arrest dysfunctional employee behaviors. Exchange of favors on the other hand seems to be ineffective influence strategy as it helps in thriving dysfunctional employee behavior. Knowledge (granted or withheld, shared or kept secret) Knowledge can be expressed as expertise and skills acquired by a person through experience or education; the theoretical or practical understanding of a subject or what is known in a particular field or in total; facts and information As a sale consultant, Knowledge acquisition involves complex cognitive processes: perception, learning, communication, association and reasoning. Knowledge also helps sale consultant in understanding subject matter with the ability to use it for a specific purpose if appropriate. Situated knowledge is knowledge specific to a particular situation. A sale consultant can use various methods of generating knowledge, such as trial and error, or learning from experience, tend to create highly situational knowledge. One of the main benefits of the scientific method is that the theories it generates are much less situational than knowledge gained by other methods.[citation needed] Situational knowledge is often embedded in language, culture, or traditions.[citation needed] Knowledge generated through experience is called knowledge a posteriori, meaning afterwards. The pure existence of a term like a posteriori means this also has a counterpart. In this case that is knowledge a priori, meaning before. The knowledge prior to any experience means that there are certain assumptions that one takes for granted. For example if you are being told about a chair it is clear to you that the chair is in space, that it is 3D. This knowledge is not knowledge that one can forget, even someone suffering from amnesia experiences the world in 3D. See also: a priori and a posteriori. There is also partial knowledge. This whereby one discipline of epistemology focuses on partial knowledge. In most realistic cases, it is not possible to have an exhaustive understanding of an information domain, so then we have to live with the fact that our knowledge is always not complete, that is, partial. Most real problems have to be solved by taking advantage of a partial understanding of the problem context and problem data. That is very different from the typical simple maths problems one might solve at school, where all data is given and one has a perfect understanding of formulas necessary to solve them. This idea is also present in the concept of bounded rationality which assumes that in real life situation people often have a limited access of information and take decision accordingly. Another implication of knowledge is the scientific knowledge. The development of the scientific method has made a significant contribution to understanding of knowledge. Majoring on this concept of knowledge, a sale consultant has to be equipped with a method of inquiry which is based on gathering observable, empirical and measurable evidence subject to specific principles of reasoning. The scientific method consists of the collection of data through observation and experimentation, and the formulation and testing of hypotheses. Science and the nature of scientific knowledge has also become the subject of Philosophy. As science itself has developed, knowledge has developed a broader usage which has been developing within biology/psychology-discussed elsewhere as meta-epistemology, or genetic epistemology, and to some extent related to theory of cognitive development. Power of Persuasion Persuasion is a form of social influence. It is the process of guiding people and oneself toward the adoption of an idea, attitude, or action by rational and symbolic (though not always logical) means. Persuasion methods are also sometimes referred to as persuasion tactics or persuasion strategies therefore as sale consultant, one need to be equipped with these methods for effective running of the organization. These methods include: Reciprocity This is where by sale consultant tends to return a favor. This is especially when one feels something good has been done and needs to appreciate the effort. Commitment and Consistency Once people commit to what they think is right, orally or in writing, they are more likely to honor that commitment, even if the original incentive or motivation is subsequently removed. For example, in car sales, suddenly raising the price at the last moment works because the buyer has already decided to buy. Social Proof This is where by people tend to do things that they see other people are doing. For example, in one experiment, one or more confederates would look up into the sky; bystanders would then look up into the sky to see what they were seeing. Social value of unfamiliar people is ambiguous and requires a lot of effort to assess accurately. Given limited time and motivation, other people will often evaluate others based on how surrounding people behave towards them. For example, if a man is perceived to be in a company of attractive women, or is associated with them, then his perceived social value and attractiveness will be perceived to be greater. The implied cognition in this case would be All those girls seem to really like him, there must be something about him thats high value. If he is seen to be rejected by many women, his social value will be judged negatively. The implied cognition is then I just saw him being rejected by many women, there is probably a good reason why they dont like him. Liking People are easily persuaded by other people whom they like. People were more likely to buy if they liked the person selling it to them. Some of the many biases favoring more attractive people are discussed, but generally more aesthetically pleasing people tend to use this influence excellently over others. Scarcity Perceived scarcity will generate demand. For example, saying offers are available for a limited time only encourages sales. Propaganda is also closely related to Persuasion. Its a concerted set of messages aimed at influencing the opinions or behavior of large numbers of people. Instead of impartially providing information, propaganda in its most basic sense presents information in order to influence its audience. The most effective propaganda is often completely truthful, but some propaganda presents facts selectively to encourage a particular synthesis, or gives loaded messages in order to produce an emotional rather than rational response to the information presented. The desired result is a change of the cognitive narrative of the subject in the target audience. The term propaganda first appeared in 1622 when Pope Gregory XV established the Sacred Congregation for Propagating the Faith. Propaganda was then as now about convincing large numbers of people about the veracity of a given set of ideas. Propaganda is as old as people, politics and religion. Sources of power can provide organizational members with a variety of means for enhancing their interests and smoothing over or creating organization conflict.. For example, some people derive power because they have been given authority by the organization to tell others what to do.Other people might have particular expertise or knowledge which the organization is dependent on, which gives them power.Some individuals might not have formal authority or expertise but might be very popular and thus have power through their own personal. The following are some of the sources Formal authority: This is when one is the legitimate owner of an organization, is the chief executive officer, or the general manager, one can use this authority to make crucial decisions in an organization whether good or bad. Use of organizational structure, rules and regulations can change the scope of working in an organization. Ability to cope with uncertainty: this feeling makes one have an advantage over the rest of the members of an organization since one feels that the organization will depend on your idea once anything happens. Interpersonal alliances, networks, and control of informal organization : if one is capable of uniting the entire workforce, the seniors will hold you as a valuable asset which can be used in case of a conflict. The same is also true when maybe a manager possesses these traits over his/her subordinates .i.e. he/she can use them to convince the subordinates in case of a misunderstanding. Symbolism and the management of meaning: This is applicable to managers whose record of management is high and who lead by example. This makes the subordinates to fear and respect the senior. Some may also possess the power to control: scarce resources,decision processes knowledge and information, boundaries, technology, counter organizations. With this power of control, the organizations development is determined by how you use it. Sources of power depend upon mainly three abilities whish are: reduce uncertainty, lack of substitutes and centrality of activities. Uncertainty: resource control, information control, decision making control, substitutability, centrality and managing the boss. Since most of us work in socially intricate organizations where we need the help not only of subordinates but of colleagues, superiors, and outsiders to accomplish our goals, its important for us to bridge the power gap so formed because we must depend on people over whom we have little or no explicit control. Hence all members of an organization should use the interpersonal power relations that include, reward power, coercive power, legitimate power, reference power and expert power In reward power, the needs and wants of the people are put into consideration and their actions appreciated. In coercive power credible penalties are identified to deter unacceptable behavior and when done effectively rules and targets can be set. Reward and coercive power depend on the agents ability to bestow on the clients positive and negative outcomes, respectively. Using either of these bases will induce only a superficial change in the client; that is, none of the clients privately held beliefs, attitudes, or values are changed. Instead, only public compliance is obtained, the continuation of which depends on successful surveillance of the client by the agent. In the legitimate power, formal power can be used to maintain it while for effectiveness; politeness and sending of requests are applied. Its based on the targets belief that the agent has a legitimate right to exert influence, and that the target has an obligation to accept this influence. It leads to private acceptance that comes from within the target and as such it does not require surveillance by the agent in order to be successful. To maintain reference power, managers should show acceptance and positive regards and for effectiveness, they should use personal appeals where necessary. It depends on the targets identifying with the agent. It leads to private acceptance by the target through enabling the target to maintain a satisfactory relationship with the agent and see himself/herself as similar to the target on certain relevant dimensions. To maintain expert power managers should earn more relevant knowledge and try to explain the needs and reasons for request of proposals. Expert power of the agent depends on the targets attributing superior knowledge or experience to the agent. When such faith in the agent is present, expert power will again result in private acceptance on the part of the target. Contrary to the bases of power discussed above, informational is independent both of the person of the agent and of the agents relationship with the target, and is instead based on the perceived relevance and validity of the information. A related discussion of social influence processes in terms of compliance, identification, and internalization is offered by Kelman (1956, 1961; Raven, 1974). Bosses should also use power ethically i.e. ethical power means using logical power in the favor of humanity which comes from managers characters. There are some processes that use ethical power in a firm or organization which are: Reward power in ethical way should be used by managers as means to verify, compliance, make feasible and reasonable requests etc. Hence, all powers should be used ethically by all managers and all members of any organization. References 1. Cervero, R., Wilson, A. (1994). Planning Responsibly for Adult Education: A Guide to Negotiating Power and Interests. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. 2. Cervero, R. M., Wilson, A.L. (1998). Working the planning table: The political practice of adult education. Studies in Continuing Education, 20, 5-21. 3. Drennon, C.E., Cervero, R.M. (2002). The politics of facilitation: Negotiating power and politics in practitioner inquiry groups. Adult Education Quarterly, 52, 193-209. 4. Robbins Stephen P. (2003), Organizational Behavior (Tenth Edition), Prentice Hall of India Private Ltd. 5. Aswathappa K. (1991), Organisational Behaviour: Text, Cases and Games, Himalaya Publishing House. 6. Singh Yogendra Pandey Mamta (2004), Organisational Behaviour, A.I.T.B.S. Publishers. 7. Fincham Robin Rhodes Peter (2005), Principles of Organisational Behaviours, Oxford Press. Health Benefits of Swimming: Cultural Case Study Health Benefits of Swimming: Cultural Case Study Section A In the assignment, I have engaged in my chosen occupation which is swimming that I will be discussing in relation to meaning, form, purpose and performance components. Occupations are where individuals engage in activities that have meaning and purpose (World Federation of Occupational Therapists [WFOT], 2011). The chosen occupation will be explored in relation to individual meaning and socio-cultural meaning of how this could differ in other situations for others. The case study of Jessica, aged eight years old, female and has moderate cerebral palsy [CP] will be discussed in relation to my chosen occupation. The findings will also discuss how Jessicas social-cultural and occupational dysfunction impacts on her occupational participation; especially using my occupation as a therapeutic application. Occupational dysfunction identifies any difficulties that clients may have when engaging or performing in occupations (Reed, 2015). Therapeutic application defined as the therapeutic use of self-associating the link between relationship, efficacy and individuals involvement (Solman, Clouston, 2016). In addition, it will also explore whether Jessicas condition can have positive and negative effects on her health and well-being. Although physical and built environments impact on what and how people do things, it is the cultural context through which people understand and ascribe meaning to what they do (Whiteford, 2010). Meaning is the entire interpretive experience engaged in by an individual encountering an occupational form (Kramer, Hinojosa, Royeen, 2003). Cutchin Dickie (2013) do specify that occupations are forms of activity that create and re-create a multitude of our relationship with the worlds we experience. In addition, the result of engaging in occupations is vital to understanding the experience, social development and relates to well-being. Occupational form guides, structures, or suggests what is to be done by the person (Kramer, Hinojosa, Royeen, 2003; Nelson, 1994). Nelson (1988) stated that the form is observable and objective, but it can change, for example; completing an activity on your own and doing the activity with friends; the form may have an impact on meaning. The purpose is wha t it is experienced once an individual has engaged in the occupation, it provides meaning and motive for the individual (Kramer, Hinojosa, Royeen, 2003). My chosen occupation was swimming which I have engaged in individually. I see swimming as a leisure activity which means I engage in the activity in my free time within my own choice and it is fun (Poulsen, Ziviani, 2010). The meaning of engaging in swimming for me is that it provides exercise, reduces stress and time to myself. Nelson (1988) argued that the meaning may not positive, but the purpose gives a reason for engaging with a form. Culture provides scaffolding for informing and shaping an individuals perception of the different roles and behaviours that are important in the social group (Burke, 2003). As occupations are culturally placed, individuals can be influenced by other causes, for example, choice, personal need, the level of skills and gender expectations (Wilcock, Hocking, 2015). Performance components, for example, sensori- motor, cognitive, psychosocial, and psychological aspects are the elements of performance that occupational therapists assess and, when needed, in which they intervene for improving occupational performance (Duncan, 2011). Performance components that I have used in my occupation are a range of motion, strength and muscle tone within the neuromusculoskeletal category.   Performance components refer to what the person is thinking, feeling and doing, which leads to effective engagement in occupation (Strong, Gruhl, 2010). Section B In relation to Jessicas background, she was born in the United Kingdom and the parents are Chinese. There are specific values and beliefs within their culture which impact on how an occupational therapist is able to deliver a specific therapeutic program with the child. The Chinese community do not like their child to socialise with other cultures, especially receiving intervention from professionals and although education is an exception. The Home Affairs Committee (1985, p.14) stated that The Chinese community is still fairly conservative in nature, sticking well within its own created socio-economic subculture (Chau, 2013). The occupational therapist breaks down barriers and reassures parents. An occupational therapist creates an intervention when working with children, it is taken into consideration of the family and childs interests, including gaining an analysis of the childs behaviour and performance when engaging in occupations. It should be acknowledged that the familys pers pective may differ than the occupational therapists perception and to ensure what priorities are important to that particular child and family (Case-Smith, 2010). Jessica has moderate CP, she is quite an interactive child and has no language difficulties. Jessicas occupation dysfunction is that she does not often attend school as she frequently loses her balance when walking and uses a stick occasionally as she has long term chronic pain. Jessicas physical activity is minimal. Swimming will be used as a therapeutic application for Jessica to improve her general fitness levels, improve her gross motor skills, for example, walking or running and the benefits of using swimming in the long term. At the beginning of the intervention for swimming, it is one to one basis to start with to provide a person-centred approach and focusing on improving Jessicas gross motor skills and her confidence. Long term goal for Jessica is that she will be able to incorporate swimming into her routine, including swimming at school with other children. This would increase socialisation, makes swimming fun and whilst maintain fitness levels. Swimming as a physical activity for children with CP shows the benefits in improving chronic pain and preserves locomotor skills from deterioration in the long term (Declerck, Verheul, Daly, Sanders, 2016). It is agreed by Kelly, Darrah, (2005; p.69) that children with CP to improve fitness and function because of the properties of water, reduce excessive joint loading and promote strengthening while at the same time providing assistance to help support children with decreased postural control and muscle weakness. However, taking into consideration that all individuals are unique and have their own needs, it is argued that attention should be focused on the childs health and well-being, especially accessibility of activity, pain, fatigue and support network (Lauruschkus, Nordmark, Hallstrà ¶m, 2014; Whiteford Townsend, 2011). The World Health Organization [WHO], (1948) defined heath as the state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity. Wellbeing is central to ones physical and mental health which includes quality of life and satisfaction (Bass, Baum, Christiansen, 2015). Long term goal for Jessica is that she will be able to return to school full time and increase improvement with Jessicas walking, with support from her teachers and parents (Duncan, 2011). Jessica will gradually increase the duration of attendance from half a day to one full day on a weekly basis, eventually, attendance will full time. Jessicas walking progress will be monitored by the occupational ther apist, family, and teachers. Leisure activities can be a creative therapeutic tool, or a targeted component of a holistic occupational performance plan (Polatajko, Davis, McEwen, 2015). It is essential that children with CP should be encouraged at an early age to participate in physical activity (Zwier, van Schie, Becher, Smits, Gorter, Dallmeijer, 2010) as it is known that children with CP have even lower physical activity levels than their typically developing peers (Maltais,   Wiart, Fowler, Verschuren, Damiano, 2014). Lack of physical activity has negative effects on health and wellbeing of children with CP especially an increased risk of health related conditions, such as obesity, diabetes, depression and heart disease (Bania, Dodd, Taylor, 2010; National Institute for Health and Care Excellence [NICE], 2016). It may lead to potential barriers to enable participating in physical activity due to poor physical health and lack of support (Creek Lougher, 2011). There is evidence of therapeutic use i s that positive leisure engagement can improve subjective well-being, including short-term mood enhancement and longer lasting thoughts about life satisfaction in general. (Poulsen Ziviani, 2010). Furthermore, it is argued by Poulson Ziviani (2010) that choice and mastery are vital provision for a child to be satisfied with general life; consequently allowing a child to choose a physical activity that they enjoy enables a long term satisfaction (Preston, 2009). According to Harris, Yuill, Luckin, (2007) when an individual engages in activities that are meaningful, it may deliver a suitable level of challenge and interest which encourages mastery-oriented approach. When an individual has a long-term neurological condition, it may have an impact on the choice, control and potential abilities of the individual to engage in occupations which are meaningful (Stadnyk et al., 2010). Therapeutic knowledge is required in making decisions about leisure interest that match the childs abilit ies and interests and meet the familys needs and resources (Rodger, 2010). In conclusion, a holistic approach to working with individuals is paramount and knowledge about socio-cultural issues is required to understand many possible barriers. It is important that occupational therapists focus on the meaning than the purpose when individuals engage within an occupation. It is essential to allow individuals to have the control that allows them to be confident and capable to continue to engage in occupations independently, therefore helps them not to be reliant on others (Duncan, 2011; Crist, 2010). Wilcock, Hocking, (2015) argued that meaning, purpose, control and choice is fundamental for a quality of life, health, and well-being.

America the Philosophical :: Philosophy Science Papers

America the Philosophical Although convention dictates that America is an unphilosophical sort of country, fonder of Super Bowls than supervenience, the development of philosophy away from Socratic strategies that presume eternal right answers to the classical philosophical problems suggests a second look is in order. This is particularly true if one accepts many of the notions currently in the air about "post-modern" or "post-analytic" philosophy — that its roots lie in classical rhetoric and pragmatism, or that its notion of truth holds the latter to be what issues from the most wide-open sort of informed deliberation possible. In that case, it begins to seem as if America is to philosophy as Italy is to art, or Norway to skiing: a perfectly designed environment for the practice. This, at least, is the provocation intended by this paper. America the Philosophical? It sounds like Canada the Exhibitionist or France the Unassuming: a mental miscue, a delusional academic tic, a Dead-On-Arrival body emitting gases of pure intellectual wish-fulfillment. Everyone knows that Americans don't take philosophy seriously, don't know much about it, don't pay any attention to it, and couldn't name a contemporary academic philosopher if their passports depended on it. As historian Richard Hofstadter drily observed in his Pulitzer-Prize-winning Anti-Intellectualism in American Life (1962), "In the United States the play of the mind is perhaps the only form of play not looked upon with the most tender indulgence." But if the title phenomenon of Hofstadter's classic indeed boasts "a long, historical background," the peculiar attitude directed at philosophy softens that hostility by increasing the dosage of unfamiliarity or contempt. Philosophy often seems sufficiently unthreatening to the practical on-the-go American that Arthur Schlesinger's stinging old charge — that on these shores, "Anti-intellectualism has long been the anti-Semitism of the businessman" — feels overwrought. The American middle manager confronted with a devoted philosophy type is most likely to recycle the old cliche, "What are you going to do, open a philosophy store?", and leave it at that. If, of course, the information has been accurately downloaded. Tell your middlebrow seatmate on an commuter flight that you're "in philosophy" and the reply is likely to be, "Oh, that's great. My niece is in psychology too." The infrequent philosophy blips on America's media screens suggest that philosophy doesn't quite register on the American psyche with the gravitas professionals in the field might like. According to the Macy's window of American gossip, the New York Post’s "Page Six," model emeritus Lauren Hutton regards Camille Paglia, the media's 15-minute joy-toy of the `80s, as "the greatest living American philosopher.

Lifes Lessons in The Once and Future King :: Once and Future King Essays

Life's Lessons in The Once and Future King "The best thing for being sad," replied Merlyn, beginning to puff and blow, "is to learn something. That's the only thing that never fails. You may grow old and trembling in your anatomies, you may lie awake at night listening to the disorder of your veins, you may miss your only love, you may see the world about you devastated by evil lunatics, or know your honor trampled in the sewers of baser minds. There is only one thing for it then -- to learn. Learn why the world wags and what wags it. That is the only thing, which the mind can never exhaust, never alienate, never be tortured by, never fear or distrust, and never dream of regretting. Learning is the only thing for you. Look what a lot of things there are to learn." Throughout The Once and Future King, Wart learns many lessons in some unlikely places. Young Wart is the adopted son of a nobleman when he meets Merlyn, a magician, who takes him on many adventures, turning him into several different animals and teaching him skills, both mental and physical. Wart learns to treat people with respect and kindness. Soon after, Wart pulls a magical sword from a stone, which proves him the rightful king of England. Merlyn, who knew this from the start, advises Wart-now called Arthur- on how to be a good king. What Arthur really wants to do is end the chaos that passes for law in his country. He wants his men-the knights of the round table- to help defenseless people and prevent the rich and strong from simply dominating everyone. Many young knights love the chivalrous idea and admire Arthur. Arthur's wife Guenever has an affair with one of Arthur's best knights, Lancelot. Since he is a just king, Arthur feels obligated to persecute them for adultery and treason. This went along with Mordred's plan to upset the court and, since he was the only son of Arthur (not with Guenever however), to become King of England. Lancelot kills Gareth, Gaheris, and Agravaine, all knights of the Roundtable. Mordred convinces a surviving knight, Gawaine that Lancelot killed them out of his own hatred of England. Life's Lessons in The Once and Future King :: Once and Future King Essays Life's Lessons in The Once and Future King "The best thing for being sad," replied Merlyn, beginning to puff and blow, "is to learn something. That's the only thing that never fails. You may grow old and trembling in your anatomies, you may lie awake at night listening to the disorder of your veins, you may miss your only love, you may see the world about you devastated by evil lunatics, or know your honor trampled in the sewers of baser minds. There is only one thing for it then -- to learn. Learn why the world wags and what wags it. That is the only thing, which the mind can never exhaust, never alienate, never be tortured by, never fear or distrust, and never dream of regretting. Learning is the only thing for you. Look what a lot of things there are to learn." Throughout The Once and Future King, Wart learns many lessons in some unlikely places. Young Wart is the adopted son of a nobleman when he meets Merlyn, a magician, who takes him on many adventures, turning him into several different animals and teaching him skills, both mental and physical. Wart learns to treat people with respect and kindness. Soon after, Wart pulls a magical sword from a stone, which proves him the rightful king of England. Merlyn, who knew this from the start, advises Wart-now called Arthur- on how to be a good king. What Arthur really wants to do is end the chaos that passes for law in his country. He wants his men-the knights of the round table- to help defenseless people and prevent the rich and strong from simply dominating everyone. Many young knights love the chivalrous idea and admire Arthur. Arthur's wife Guenever has an affair with one of Arthur's best knights, Lancelot. Since he is a just king, Arthur feels obligated to persecute them for adultery and treason. This went along with Mordred's plan to upset the court and, since he was the only son of Arthur (not with Guenever however), to become King of England. Lancelot kills Gareth, Gaheris, and Agravaine, all knights of the Roundtable. Mordred convinces a surviving knight, Gawaine that Lancelot killed them out of his own hatred of England.

Ultrasound ? Quick Project :: essays research papers

Ultrasound – Quick Project Ultrasounds are sound waves with frequency beyond the human limits, therefore humans are unable to hear them. It even travels at exactly the same speed as sound in any medium. Humans can hear sound within the frequency range of about 20 to 20,000 Hz, so any sound above 20 kHz is ultrasound. Ultrasound or ultrasonography is a medical imaging technique that uses high frequency sound waves and their echoes. The technique is similar to the echolocation used by bats, whales and dolphins, as well as SONAR used by submarines. Ultrasound has very high frequency vibrations and can be used to clean things. Really dirty teeth can be cleaned superbly in this way. Really delicate mechanisms, such as in antique clocks and watches, can also be safely cleaned. Ultrasound for scanning is the most popular medical use. This is safer than using X-rays. Unborn babies can be seen by moving an ultrasonic transmitter across the mother’s stomach. The sound waves will be projected from the transmitter and the waves are able to travel from one part of the human being to the other. As it hits a tissue or an organ, some waves reflects and gives of echos which can build up a picture on the TV screen. The shorter the wavelength is, the finer the detail of the picture is. Its use in scanning goes far beyond pregnancies. Many other parts of the body are analysed using it (bladder gallstones, the heart, etc.). Ultrasound can even check airplane wings for cracks that would be invisible on the surface. Ships use SONAR to determine the depth of water they are in. Ultrasound is used here because they have a higher frequency and this allows it to penetrate further. However, the disadvantage is that it might scare the fishes away as it would be too noisy for them.

Reaction paper about National Museum Essay

The only time I went to National Museum was when we were required visiting and taking a photo of the manunggul jar, as part of our historic appreciation in our History subject. On July 26, 2013, my peers and I went to National Museum to see antique and prehistoric things about the early times. I feel humiliated and embarrass for not visiting a museum while I find time to go to arcade doing nonsense things. I didn’t know that there are two museums, but we were informed by the guard on duty when we went to one of these museums that there is only one museum. However, the main museum is actually the Museum of the Filipino People located in the former Department of Finance Building. And the National Museum that we know is currently called the National Gallery of Art, which is an extension of the museum. With a wage of 50.00 per head, me and my comrades were mesmerized and was amazed by the beauty of the systematize preservation of the ancient items inside the museum. We were instructed to leave our things in a room. More like a baggage room. And bring with us important things like gadgets and wallets. It is not allowed to use pen inside the galleries. However, a pencil is accepted. We were escorted by a steward which we can ask questions regarding some information about the entities inside the gallery. I was very startled when we walked by to the first gallery. The colonnade is about the Treasures of the San Diego: The Wreck Site, wherein we feel fascinated by the different survived apparatuses in San Diego. We saw their defensive weapons which included the breastplates, leather doublets, shields, and protective helmets. Also, we saw the offensive weapons for hand-to-hand combat like daggers and swords. With 27 steps in the stair, we reach the second destination. The second gallery was composed of different things in the Philippines and Southeast Asian Contacts. There, we were quenched by thirst of excitement when our eyes lay upon the manunggul jar. Because finally we were able to take a picture . End the goal in this visit. But to be able to redeem the payments, we continued the voyage. I am so captivated about the artifacts. I have also seen a pitzel and some types of kettles. It has a smooth texture. We have also seen vessels and basins. Plates from the Chinese people during the barter period were also displayed in this part  of gallery. Like the first gallery there are some armors and weapons. We saw different types of jars in their different, styles, shapes, sizes and designs which enthrall my feelings. Some paintings hung in the wall allure me. It somehow brought different charisma to me. These paintings are about the Philippine culture during the Spanish era. My eyes were magnetized by the piece of metals that later I discovered to be elements like a piece of copper, gold,lead, and silver. The different types and sizes of teeth entice me. In this part of the gallery I was able to see some portraits of voyagers and colonizers with their works like Morga and Magellan. I was stunned when I saw the different insects like butterfly, grasshoppers and lizards in their different sizes and looks. But what surprised me most is the lizard with wings, later I learned that this insect was discovered by our National Hero, Dr. Jose Rizal. There are also some types of crabs. Shells are also spectacled in this gallery. With 24 steps upward the stairs; we are already on the colony of our third journey. We were greeted by the astounding different objects that were conserved in the gallery. Jars- the first object who welcomed us. Different kinds of jars like Spanish jars, Siamese jars, Dragon jars, Martaban jars, Brown-glazed jars from Thailand and etc. There was this sculpture or something like a exhibit of a true-volcano in this part of gallery. I was so wow because of the artisticity of these thing. There was also a painting of how the Cagayan people catch food by hunting wild animals and fishing. I feel a little bit scared when I look at the skullcap of a Tabon woman. I sense I was back when I saw the paraphernalia during the time of gardening. I was staggered by the ships and things for the water usage hung on the wall. There were also some kinds of weapons like bow, arrow, bolos, and sharp things. I wondered for what the map when we passed by. I was amused when I later inform that you press the button, the place where the light appeared is the place where you can find jade, carnelian and glass. The great thing was the Philippines is one of the luckiest country who possesses this luxury goods. I was staggered by the architectural type of structure about the early Filipino type of habitation. Again for the third time, I saw collections of jars, plates, and bowls. There was also an exhibit of the destroyed ship. It shows how they find some things on this wrecked ship. With 24 steps we entered the fourth gallery naming Don Vicente Gallery where we have seen the dresses and clothing of  the Filipino. Their ornaments and things for beautification. We saw musical instruments like gongs, flutes, xylophones, and stringed instruments. There was also wallpapers about how the ancient Filipinos’ education. I was enchanted and was feeling excited about entering a huge exhibit of a kubo gallery . I was careful in walking because the floor is slippery. However, I still enjoyed the gallery for it reminds me that Filipino culture is still the best among all. Gallery 5 is still close because of some renovation. I received an information that gallery 5 is about the modern technology. Going to the National Museum is a experience that I would never ever forget. This place reminds me of who I am and where did I come from. This shows how the ancient people survived in the early period. How their living was and how aggressive they are when it comes to merchandising things. I feel am again baptize not as a Catholic but as proud citizen of the Philippines. This serves as the evidence that it is truly more fun in the Philippines!

Learning Theories Amongst Young Adults

Introduction The concept of ‘learning' has been embedded In each and every one of us from the daddy were born. Since, the beginning of man, learning has been incorporated Into our very nature whether we are conscious of It or not; from learning how to control fire to noticing how that fire provides us with warmth and security to ward of wild animals. Learning as defined by the Merriam-Webster dictionary is the activity or process of gaining knowledge or skill by studying, practicing, being taught, or experiencing something'.Over the years, psychologists have come up with different theories on how we learn. Marketers have taken these theories and applied them to gain a better understanding of how consumers learn and behave, in order to develop better marketing strategies to satisfy the needs and wants of consumers. This is commonly known today as consumer behavior. The rapid increases of millennial consumers over the years have Intrigued marketers to further understand and analy ses this new breed of consumers. Hence, to understand their behaviors Is to understand how they learn and process Information.There are many ways to learn and along with that, many different learning theories. In this research, I will be focusing on three mall learning theories related to young adult learning and what are the implications of these theories to marketing. Learning Theories of Young Adults & How Marketers Apply Them To analyses how young adults learn, we have to first understand the term young adult'. In actuality, there is no definition to the term; however it is widely used these days to describe an individual who lies within the transition period between the adolescence to adulthood period.The term is also typically used to better categorize his segment of individuals in researches, studies and even marketing. According to Erosion's Stages of Development, the young adult stage ranges between the ages of 18-35 years (Erikson, 1968). Due to the advancements of this ev er-changing society, learning today Is not the same as It was 20-30 years ago. The exposure to technology from an early age has altered the way these ‘dealt natives' think and process information compared to previous generations before them (Presents, 2001 Thus, the towards understanding how young adults' learn. Knowledge is perception – Socrates.Learning is no longer Just a passive assimilation of knowledge (Pigged, 1968), which is passed down from teacher to student. As Benjamin Franklin once said, â€Å"Tell me and I forget, teach me and I may remember, involve me and I learn†. The conventional student-teacher or teach me' methods of learning can no longer be applied to the young adults of this generation. Instead, the use of a more active learning method such as cognitive learning is more relevant today. Cognitive learning is a theory that defines learning as a behavioral change based on the acquisition of information bout the environment' (Mossy, 2009).There are three main branches of cognitive learning; the iconic rote learning, vicarious learning and reasoning or analogy learning. Iconic rote learning The first area of cognitive learning we will be looking at is Iconic rote learning. Iconic rote learning is defined as learning the association between two or more concepts in absence of conditioning (Neal, Sequester, Hawkins, 2002). The essence of this concept is repetition, where the intended concept is repeated over again to engage the attention of the intended target.On the surface, this concept might seem similar to hat of the classical conditioning method which also involves repetition. However, this concept differs from classical conditioning because of the absence of a stimulus- response mechanism, a direct reinforcement or reward involved. The aim of iconic learning is Just to boost the attention and promote awareness off concept to associate its key attributes. Young adults today are faced with a â€Å"continuous partial atte ntion† syndrome, where there is an overload of information from the use of technology (Coleman, 2013).It is difficult to teach a young adult today in a classroom, specially with the use of smoothness, laptops and gadgets, while simultaneously trying to receive information from the speaker or teacher. Moreover, young adults have the tendency to be distracted by the thought of needing to check their text messages or notifications from social-media circles. This attachment to technology is the reason why the transfer of an intended information or concept, has to be extensively repeated to obtain the constant attention or awareness of the intended person, in order for learning to occur.Herbert Simon, a Nobel-winning economist rote â€Å"Hence a wealth of information creates a poverty of attention†. Therefore, marketers who understand this theory, apply it to their marketing strategies to attract the attention of young adult consumers. Advertisers use mediums such as televis ion commercials, Youth ads, and print media to create a link between the brand and its key benefits to consumers through iconic rote learning. For example, the extensive repetition and occurrences of a Cataracts advertisement, associates the brand to premium coffee.Once consumers have made the connection between Cataracts and premium coffee, consumers will cognitive processing. The presence of these commercials can even be made on digital platforms such as tablets and smoothness through downloaded APS (applications). Hence, with the right amount of exposure and occurrence, marketers will be able to capitalize on the ‘distraction' of technology to learning and use it to their advantage when marketing young adults through infiltrating popular internet mediums such as Backbone and Youth. Vicarious learning Vicarious learning, also known as observational learning (sometimes called modeling or imitation) is simple learning by observing others and copying their behavior Fletcher and Gorton, 2007). Often used in conjunction with Bandanna's social learning theory, made famous by the ‘Boob doll' experiment; considers that children learn complex social behaviors by copying the behaviors of adults. Later on, Bandeau acknowledged that learners also play an active role in the learning process by only choosing models which are consistent with their own personal beliefs and values which produce desired outcomes (Bandeau, 1989).Androgyny, also known as the study of how adults learn, was made popular by Malcolm Knowles who believed that adults are self-directed, goal-orientated and bring life experiences and knowledge to their learning experience (Knowles, 1989). Hence, it is clear that Bandanna's theory not only applies to only children but to young adults as well because they only model those who align with their own prior beliefs and knowledge, to reach a desired goal or outcome. Thus, marketers who understand these learning theories apply them to their marketin g strategies to reach young adult consumers.For instance, popular Swedish retailers H&M use David Beckman (a famous footballer and celebrity) as their brand ambassador and spokesperson for their clothing line. Young adults who identify and look to Beckman as their role model will tend to imitate him; including what he wears in this case. Analytical or reasoning learning Analytical or reasoning learning can be defined as â€Å"an inference process that allows consumers to use an existing knowledge base to understand a new situation or object† (Hawkins and Motherboards, 2010).In analytical learning, critical reasoning based on existing understanding and knowledge is used together with new information or concepts in the learning process. This is common in young adults as they incorporate life experiences and pre-existent knowledge to their learning experience, as mentioned earlier based on the androgyny study (Knowles, 1989). Simply put, this theory of learning helps young adult s use a pre-existing knowledge of something that they familiar with, to learn something that which they are not familiar with.Typically, high-involvement products involve more reasoning thinking because consumers are motivated to learn about products that they are interested Marketers who understand this theory use it to reach young adult consumers. An example of this is the purchase of high-involvement products such as smoothness. Users in Malaysia were between the ages of 25 to 34 (Enterprise News, 2011), hence falling within the young adult category (Erikson, 1968).The consumer behaviorism model suggests that a typical consumer goes through four stages before purchasing a product; recognition, searching for information, evaluation of alternatives and finally, the purchase decision (Kettle and Keller, 2012). Therefore, in the purchase of a smartened, young adults in Malaysia use analytical or reasoning learning to acquire as much information about the smartened when comparing betw een brands and prices.Hence, marketers in the smartened industry, should market their smoothness based on emphasizing on the unique specifications and restorability of price in order to gain a comparative advantage over competitor brands. If the product attributes align with a previous knowledge or experience, then the young adult will be motivated to learn more about the smartened and eventually decide to purchase it. Conclusion Young adults have become the main target market of marketers. Hence, it is critical to understand how they think, behave and learn.In this assignment I highlighted who young adult are and analyses the different cognitive approaches to learning when it comes to young adults which include; iconic rote, vicarious and analytical learning. These learning theories have a direct impact on the decision-making process of young adult consumers in purchasing items. I have also given real life examples which illustrated and describe the appropriate marketing strategies to not only reach but significantly affect and influence the way young adults purchase products.