Policies issues Essay Example for Free

Policies issues Essay By watching the video for this assignment I agree that these children are getting abuse and by the environment they come from they will grow up and may follow the steps of their parents. The mother had put a restraining order on the boyfriend. Until she had to call the police cause he kept coming to her house. Her small son was scare and child protector services (CPS) had to get on involve and replace him in a foster home. There are different factors. Some kids are taking drugs because they grew up around their parents or friends doing drugs. There some kids that physical abuse is involve in the family. In the video also addresses Policy implications or recommendations of the crime. Ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s also a personal crime. The abuse come from the family itself or someone known by the family. I believe that the abuse effects all young kids. These abuse kids will show depression, anti-social, anger, rebellious, and will lead them to take drugs. Before its misinterpreted wrong it is very important to understand the various kinds of child abuse that does occur. Child abuse is not just rigorously a bodily problem, but it is more than just that. This is what child abuse is; physical violence, verbal abuse, emotional, rape and psychological torment, sexual molestation, and abandonment. It important to see the background of these crimes and see if there is a pattern that were the abuse is coming from. Child abuse is an inexplicable subject to so many people like the courts and child protective service. There is a few children that are found murdered every day from child abuse and nearly millions reports are made every year. REFERENCES: www.futureunlimited.org/pdf/DVintervention.pdf https://www.ncjrs.gov/works/wholedoc.htm

Cap Nnaf Essay Example for Free

Cap Nnaf Essay Mr. Raghunath was happy that Rahul showed keen interest in his business but was worried about Ram who would always spend time with computers. He felt that if the interest of the two sons be put together they could start a flourishing business of their own. The boom in the IT industry made him find ways to satisfy his son’s dream. After college, the twins were drifting apart due to varied interest. Mr. Raghunath decided that this is the time for him to intervene and make decisions for his sons. He decided to start a computer business for his sons. He asked Rahul, a commerce graduate to draw up a proposal for the same. Rahul came out with the following ideas: The area they lived on ad run shop consisted of middle income group families and many of them did not possess computers at home Their shop could provide the following services: * Computer classes for various age groups. * Computer using facilities on payment per hourly basis and printing of documents from computers. * Internet access facility at the prevailing market rates by entering into contract with AIRTEL. * Computer games corer for children Rajiv jumped at the idea and they made up a common proposal. Rajiv wanted that they purchase 10 computers and start with first two areas of operation and expand when things go well. The shop they had at the market place was a single storey building. Their father offered to build the first floor and give it to them for their business. He spent `5,00,000 on construction of the facility and gave them `5,00,000 for the business. The sons went to bank and put up their proposal and managed to get a loan to the extent of 75% of the cost of computers ` 4,00,000 with printers. As the bank manager was aware of the credit worthiness of Mr. Raghunath, he advanced loan of `3,00,000. Total amount to be repaid will be `3,60,000 including interest in three annual installments as follows: * End of the first year = ` 1,30,000 * End of the 2nd year = ` 1,20,000 * End of the 3rd year = ` 1,10,000 (Where ` 1, 00,000 is the principal repayment) They started business on 1st April 2010. Rahul decided to deposit ` 4, 40,000 in the bank. He gave ` 1, 00,000 to computer company as 25% of the value of computers purchased and ` 3, 00,000 out of bank loan availed. He deposited ` 20,000 for electrical connection with the Electricity Board. He paid deposit of ` 1, 00,000 with AIRTEL for Internet connection. He used the telephone connection of the shop as there were two connections at the shop. The brothers got the computer cafe furnished by paying ` 50,000. Rahul got pamphlets printed and distributed at the cost of ` 4,500 in the surrounding colonies. All payments were to be made by cheques. All the receipts were in cash to be deposited in the bank on the same day. The students on the average paid a monthly fee of ` 500 for the three months computer evening classes. There were a number of internet subscribers and receipts on account of internet facility was ` 10,000 a month in the first quarter on an average. They decided to buy and sell computer stationery also like floppy, discs, CDs etc. At the end of the financial year, their results showed the following: | `| Total revenue including sale of computer stationery| 4,98,000| Purchase of computer stationery| 55,000| Electricity charges yet to be paid| 1,24,000| Telephone charges| 34,000| Petty expenses| 12,000| Entertainment expenses| 10,000| Maintenance expenses| 10,000| There was a helper at their father’s shop, who agreed to clean up the computer cafe and fetched water to various visitors. For the additional services, he was paid ` 500 per month. They withdrew `. 3, 000 by cheque each month for their personal expenses. They paid bank loan regularly. The father was pleased at their son’s efficiency. He wanted to expand business. Mean while Rahul received the pass book statement (for the end of March 2011) which showed the transactions as follows: Particulars| Deposit| Withdrawal | Balance `| Balance as on 1 march 2011| | | 4,76,500 CR| Fees remitted direct into business account. | 50,000| | 5,26,500 CR| Bank charges| | 500| 5,26,000 CR| Withdrawal by cheque no†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦| | 6,000| 5,20,000 CR| Payment by cheque no†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. | | 6,000| 5,14,000 CR| Interest credited| 2,000| | 5,16,000 CR| Balance as on 31 march 2011| | | 5,16,000 (CR)| 1. Analyze the transactions and explain the rules applied as per double entry system of bookkeeping. 2. Journalize the above transactions. Post them into the ledgers and prepare trial balance. 3. Prepare Bank Reconciliation Statement and make necessary adjustment in the books of account. 4. Prepare Profit and Loss account and Balance Sheet. 5. Charge depreciation @25% on computers, @10% on furniture, 5% on buildings. 6. Paisa can be rounded off. 7. What are the basic assumptions and concepts applied by Rahul while preparing the above statements? 8. Calculate profitability ratios. 9. They approached bank for further loan. Compute the ratios the banker will require before granting the loan. 10. Comment on the efficiency of the business if the net profit and gross profit in similar type of business concerns are 20% and 50% respectively.

The Typologies Of Tourist Behaviour Tourism Essay

The Typologies Of Tourist Behaviour Tourism Essay When predicting future travel patterns, it is critical to first have basic knowledge of a persons travel motivation and what is motivating them to pursue travelling to destinations that they have selected. As  Pearce, Morrison Rutledge (1998) have defined tourist motivation as the global integrating network of biological and cultural forces which gives value and direction to travel choices, behaviour and experience. Each tourist is driven by different motives that determine their travel choices. These choices can be for new experiencing, culture fascination, recreation, pleasure and relaxing and shopping. Although what motivates people to travel may differ, but there is always recurrent themes emerging. For instance, a person may choose to travel and escape from their usual place of living and decides on taking up a holiday for different surroundings and relaxation, to explore new things, places and people. Many have viewed motivation as a major determinant of the tourists behaviour. Theories of motivation is the concept of needs and they are seen as the forces that arouses motivated behaviour and to best understand what motivates people, it is useful to discover the needs they have and how these needs can be fulfilled. Maslows hierarchy of needs theory is the best known motivation theories. The push and pull concept is another line of travel motivation, while Plogs allocentrism/psychocentrism model will help explain phenomenal rise and fall of travel destinations. Cohen (1972) in his early studies, draws attention to the fact that all tourists are seeking some element of novelty and strangeness while, at the same time, most also need to retain something familiar. How tourists combine the demands for novelty with familiarity can in turn be used to derive a typology. According to Johns Gyimothy (2002) Cohen distinguished tourist using sociological principles into organised mass tourist, individual mass tourists, explorer and drifter. In this essay, we shall discuss different authors approach for travel motivation and typologies of tourists behaviour and shall critically review and compare these theories and typologies. Travel Motivation Travel motivation includes two factors, the push motives factor which describes the need for exploring, relaxing, and interacting socially in the vacation decision. While pull motives is the attraction caused by the destination to the person, these factors include sight seeing, and historical attractions and sites. Push factors are known to form a desire for travelling, and pull factors are known to explicate the choice of destination. Crompton (1979). Push factors can also suggest avoidance of work and pressures at home caused culturally or socially. And pull factors suggest simply seeking adventure, freedom, escape, leisure and play. Seaton (1997) Maslows theory involves five needs forming a hierarchy, in a pyramid shape from lower to higher needs. Maslow explained how when the lower needs Physiological needs (basic life needs- air, water, food, shelter, warmth, sleep, sex), Safety needs (protection, security, low, limits, stability, order), Belonging and love (family, affection, relationships, work groups) are achieved the person would be motivated by the needs of the next two levels Esteem needs (achievement, status, responsibility, reputation), Self-actualization needs (personal growth and fulfilment). Although Maslows theory has been criticized as the basic five needs remain ambiguous, while some feel that it has provided relevance in how human actions are understandable and predictable. The tourism industry has borrowed a lot from Maslow because he provides a convenient set of containers that can be relatively labelled. Maslows hierarchy of needs has also produced a useful tool for understanding psychological motivational factors in tourism. For instance, a person may choose to travel to visit friends and family, but the underlying psychological motivation may be brought by the need for belonging and desire to reunite family links. Iso-Ahola (1982) stated that when tourists are on holidays their roles over time may be switched and different needs will emerge. Sometimes a single motivation may not always be the main factor for travel, if while on holiday and the initial needs are satisfied, other motivations might rise. It is congruent with Maslows theories of needs to argue that if there is a primary need for relaxation while on holiday, the satisfaction of relaxing will create a new need such as exploring the place to enable processes of self-actualization to take place. The four motivational needs Beard and Ragheb (1983) stated are derived from the work of Maslow (1970). These components help in assessing the extent to which individuals are motivated to participate in and are involved in activities such as learning, discovering, exploring and imagining; the social component helps in assessing the level where individuals are participating in leisure activities for social reasons. Friendship and interpersonal relationships is one of the basic needs, while the second need is the esteem of others. While the competence-mastery component assesses the level of which individuals engage in leisure activities in order to accomplish, master, challenge and compete. These activities are usually physical in nature; it is escaping and getting away from overbearing life situations. It drives individuals to seek solitude, unwind, rest and search for calm conditions to avoid social contacts. Sefton and Burton (1987) has replicated these four motivations to form the foundation of their Leisure Motivation Scale. However the original Ragheb and Beard Scale, contained items such as to use and develop physical skills and abilities. This attitude is associated with competition and staying fit, others have demonstrated that competency and mastery can be established in ways such as intellectual pursuits. Other researchers have also identified four groups of motivations, which are linked to Maslows ideas. These ideas include physical motivators such as health and less tension; cultural motivators such as religion, art and heritage; interpersonal motivators such as visiting family and friends; status motivators such as self esteem and personal development. Hudman and Hawkins (1989) made a list of ten main motivators that motivated tourists. These ten motivators are anywhere from physical activities to physical inactivities. They are curiosity, sports, health, natural resources, man made facilities, visiting friends and relatives, business, religion, self esteem and physical inactivity such as simply sunbathing and relaxing. Similarly to the above, six combinations of motivations were grouped and the six combinations included; educational and cultural which be the interest of historic sites, relaxation, adventure and pleasure, health and recreation, ethnicity and family. This leads to the been-there-done that factor to a tourist. The Iso-Aholas theory indicates that what motivates tourism is the assertion of personal escape whereby overcoming bad mood and changing the pace of your everyday life, personal seeking whereby boasting about your experience to others to feel good about yourself, interpersonal escape is whereby you escape the stressful environment you are in and avoid interactions with others, and interpersonal seeking is being with individuals with similar interest and to meet new people. Snepenger et al (2006) Another seven elements of tourist motivations were identified by Dann (1981) and his motivation elements included; travelling as a response to what is desired, destination pull in response to a motivational push, motivation as a fantasy whereby engaging in activities that are deemed unacceptable in their culture and home environment, motivation as a classified purpose such as visiting family and relatives, motivational typologies, motivation and tourist experience, and motivation as an auto-definition and meaning such as the way in which a tourist will explain their situations and respond to them. The Travel Career Ladder is another travel motivation and it consists of five elements developed by P.Pearce (1988) these five travel motivation elements vary from motivations of relaxation, stimulation, relationship, self-esteem, to development and fulfilment. A tourist motivation is an ever changing process and moving up the ladder while progressing through the various life-cycle changes. The model Pearce developed showed that motivations are divided into two categories. The need may be self-centred for instance relaxation may be done solo and the holiday maker seeks a quiet restful time alone, or the need is directed at others for instance it can be relaxation with other individuals and springing from the need for external excitement and desire for novelty. More examples of self-centred needs and needs directed at others are; self directed needs springs from the concern for own safety, relationship can be self-directed which means giving love and affection and maintaining relationships, self-esteem and development maybe self-directed like development of skills, special interests, competence and mastery, fulfilment is another example of self-directed needs, as if fulfils and understands oneself more and experience peace. While needs directed at others can be directed toward others arising out of the concern for others safety, or it can be directed at others by means of receiving affection and to be with group membership and it may be directed at others like prestige, and glamour of travelling. Seaton (1997) criticized Pearces travel motivations. For instance, as Pearce argued that stimulation may be understood alone a dimension of risk and safety of oneself or of others, it may be argued that there is a distinctive difference between these two motivations. A concern about the safety of others might mean placing yourself at risk to help others from danger. The willingness to do this relies on the certainty of a persons psychological maturity. It has been suggested by Pearce Lee (2005) that in the Travel Career Ladder framework, the term career indicates that many individuals orderly move through a series of stage or their travel motivational patterns are predictable. As some may influentially say to the Travel Career Ladder, others may remain at a particular level, mostly depending on opportunities and other limitations such as health and financial situations. Typologies of Tourist Behaviour Cohen (1972), in his early studies, draws attention to the fact that all tourists are seeking some element of novelty and strangeness while, at the same time, most also need to retain something familiar. How tourists combine the demands for novelty with familiarity can in turn be used to derive a typology. Cohen (1972) the sociologist, identified four types of tourists: The organizational Mass tourist who buys tourists packages or all inclusive tours in order to visit classical mass tourism destinations, where everything is predetermined before hand and has a low degree of participation and involvement in the travel search for information. There is no sense of adventure or exploration. He/she belongs to an institutionalized type of tourism where the contact with the organizers of tourism industry is a constant. The individual mass tourist is similar to the organizational mass tourist, however this one is flexibility on his/her decisions and want to participate more in the process. The tourist strongly depends on the tourism industry but want to try some new things out of the closed and predetermined packages. The explorer is more adventurous, he wants to find his/her own experience participating actively in this decision choice. He arrange most of the elements of the travel by himself/herself, however sometimes he/she has to turn to a travel agency or tourism professionals to get some comfort or security amenities. The drifter looks for intensive experiences and he want to feel immerse in local communities. He/she completely abandon his relations with the institutions of tourism systems planning everything by him. He practiced a non institutionalized type of tourism. With this classification of tourists Cohen established an interesting link between the need of living unique experiences and the need of the perception of security. The more secure a tourist wants to feel, the more he will trust on tourism specialist and thus he will live less unique experiences (more standardized). Stanley Plog (1974 cited Plog 1991) developed a similar psychobiological model designed to explain what type of people prefer what type of destination according to its psychographics characteristics. To the author, tourist population could be divided into a continuum of personalities distributed along the Gauss curve; from psychometrics, individual travellers whom look for the unexplored, in one extreme to allocentrics, mass tourism tourists, in the other. After Cohen and Plog, researchers such us Dalen (1989), Smith (1989) or Urry (2002) for instances; they have attempted to create new categories of tourists based on their subject of research. It has to be pointed out that all the models proposed until now they are just descriptive and not relevant to the general tourism demand. They are just focused in one area of study and not in the bigger dimension where the tourist is immerse. In addition, they also fail in the same thing: they do not take into account the factors which determine the different types of tourists (Sharpley, 1999). These factors might be grouped into demographic and socioeconomic factors such us age, life cycle, gender and income; and structural social factors such as the existence of non tourists and capitalist tourism (Sharpley, 1999).Therefore, every person goes trough different stages in life, and depending on the age, familiar circumstances or income tourist will change from one typology to another. Moreover, in these classifications it is not always the tourist who can decide what tourist is going to be, but it is the society who is going to classify you (Swarbrooke and Horner, 2007) Conclusion To better plan and market tourist destinations, a better understanding of motivation is crucial. Travel motivation theories can help us understand what motivation is, and what elements must be considered to understand it, and then interpret the different findings to understand the motivation of a certain type of tourist. What motivates a person to travel may vary from one seeking adventure to one visiting a family to feel a sense of belonging or whether they are affected by the Push motive or the Pull motive. Therefore it is difficult to differentiate the different individual motives of travel and people often may not constitute to the real reason of travel. However, understanding travel motivation and typologies of tourist has enabled and explained why certain tourism destinations are more developed and successful than others. All the theories explained above are used as tool to gain knowledge about what is driving tourists to travel and why are they choosing the places they are tra velling too. Travel motivations fundamental in tourism and is important for development. The motivation that indicates a tourists behaviour can show how people set their goals on the destination of their choice and it will reveal how these goals reflect their choice and their travel behaviour. Last but not least, after undertaking this research, understanding the motivations and the typologies of a tourist is the key success to the tourism industry.

Essay --

The book â€Å"Caring for Yourself While Caring for Your Aging Parents† written by Clare Berman discusses all of the key issues involved in caring for an elderly parent. Berman discusses these issues by drawing from her personal experience and interviews with caregivers. Berman also provides advice and information on: Caregivers, stress among siblings, long distance caregiving, finances and nursing home care (Berman, 2005). This paper will evaluate the way in which the author handled the subject of caring for your aging parents as well as yourself, and how the book contributed to my understanding of the issues discussed. This paper will do so by reviewing a plot summary, character analyses and theme analyses. Plot Summary - Berman’s book serves as a guide for individuals who are involved in caring for aging parents, (and for those who see caretaking in their future). The book centers on the emotional stresses and needs of caregivers, while at the same time addressing all the practical issues they are likely to confront. Berman does this by drawing on her own experiences, the experiences of many other adult children, and interviews with specialists in geriatrics; Berman also discusses the wide range of emotions that can accompany caregiving (Berman, 2005). Character Analysis – The character I choose to examine is Clare Berman herself because she offers herself in her book as an example we all can pull from when we are faced with caring for our older adult parents. Berman is seen as the protagonist in the book due to her battle with caring for her aging mother and mother in law with Alzheimer’s. Berman’s core quest is to care for her aging mother and mother in law, while caring for herself. This quest is so important to Berman because w... ...ult children. The guilt that as a caregiver they were not doing enough and how as a caregiver you may feel guilt was a constant throughout the book. In terms of the characters I noticed a sprinkling of themes which connected all of them. The type of characters were hardworking, honest, loving caregivers who were seeking a happy medium between caring for themselves, their families and their older adult loved ones. All of the characters wanted to have a separate life as well as creating a good and healthy life for the older adult they are caring for. I believed the author’s intent is in creating such characters were to help us as the reader to connect to them and their struggles. It also seemed as though Berman wanted to demonstrate that all caregivers go through the same struggles and feelings of inadequacy about what they are doing through the context of the book.

The Theme of Hope in One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich Essay

The Theme of Hope in One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich      Ã‚  Ã‚   In Alexander Solzhenitsyn's novel One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich, the strong themes of hope and perseverance are undercut by the realization that for Ivan there is little or no purpose in life.   This is not to say that the themes of hope and perseverance do not exist in the novel.   There are numerous instances in the novel where Shukhov is filled with hope. However, these moments of hope amidst the banal narrative of the novel raise the interesting question:   Are these moments of hope pointless?   The answer to this question may lie more in the individual human nature of the reader than in Solzhenitsyn's literary technique.   Whether pointless or not, Solzhenitsyn offers many instances in the novel where the themes of hope and perseverance are evident.   The glimpses of hope which Ivan Denisovich sees includes the few moments after reveille that the prisoners have to themselves, respecting his fellow prisoners, taking pride in a job well done, and enjoying simple food and tobacco.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Solzhenitsyn wrote One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich in such a fashion that the brutality of the Soviet labor camps is not emphasized.   Instead of focusing on the brutality of the camps, Solzhenitsyn focused on one day in the life of a very ordinary prisoner.   However, the fact that Ivan Denisovich Shukhov is such an ordinary man and is still able to find hope in the most menial of tasks is inspiring.   Joseph Frank states that "Solzhenitsyn's fundamental theme is precisely the affirmation of character, the ability to survive in a nightmare world where mora... ... Research Inc., 1992. Lucid, Luellen.   ^à ®Solzhenitsyn^à ±s Rhetorical Revolution.^à ¯   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Twentieth Century Literature 23 (1977):   498-517.   Rpt in   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   ^à ®Solzhenitsyn.^à ¯Ã‚   World Literary Criticism:   1500 to the   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Present.   Ed. James P. Draper.   Detroit:   Gale Research   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Inc., 1992. Remnick, David.   Ressurrection:   The Struggle for a New Russia.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   New York:   Random House Inc., 1998 Solzhenitsyn, Alexander.   One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Trans. Max Hayward and Ronald Hingely.   New York:   Bantam   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Doubleday Dell Publishing Group Inc., 1990. Terras, Victor.   A History of Russian Literature.   New Haven:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Yale University Press, 1991. Wilson, Edmund.   A Window on Russia:   For the Use of Foreign   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Readers.   New York:   Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1943.   

Parataxis Of Homer :: essays research papers

Throughout the epic poem The Odyssey, Homer employs a technique called parataxis. This technique is used frequently to identify characters in the book or explaining an event. The poem not only covers the story of Odyssey. The poem not only covers the story of Odysseus, but also touches upon other characters as well. By using parataxis, Homer can briefly tell and describe characters and events. Often, characters are identified by their relationships to others, a great deed they have accomplished, to hardships they have come across.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In describing Odysseus in Book V, lines 97 to 115 of which lines 105 to 110 are paratactical, Hermes says â€Å"you have with you the man who is wretched beyond all the other men of all those who fought around the city of Priam for nine years, and in the tenth they sacked the city and set sail for home, but on the voyage home they offended Athene, who let loose an evil tempest and tall waves against them. Then all the rest of his excellent companions perished, but the wind and the current carried him here and here they drove him.† The original conversation between Hermes and Kalypso had little to do with Odysseus’s journey. Hermes in lines 97 to 115 tells Kalypso that Odysseus’s fate lie not on the island, but back home in Ithaka. The parataxis interrupts the line of conversation to inform the reason why Odysseus arrives here. It gives a glimpse the span of Odysseus’s journey and the fate of his companions before the story is told. In this instance, Hermes identifies Odysseus with the obstacles he has overcome.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  At times, a parataxis of a certain character in one part of the poem help explain matters later on. In book XI, lines 281 to 297, Odysseus tells of Chloris, a beautiful maiden. Of those lines, lines 287 to 290 are paratactical, â€Å"Also she bore that marvel among mortals, majestic Pero, whom all the heroes round about courted, but Neleus would not give her to any, unless he could drive away the broad-faced horn-curved cattles of strong Iphikles out of Phylake.† It talks of Chloris’s daughter, Pero and the task that all suitors must accomplish before he can have her hand. Later on in book XV, another character is introduced. He is the son of the man who won Pero. Without mentioning Pero or the task of the suitors in the earlier book, much more explanation would be needed to identify other characters. This parataxis links various character and their stories.

Discuss how Stevenson presents duality in ‘Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde Essay

In this essay I will show how Robert Louis Stevenson has presented duality in his novella ‘Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde’. The novella is about a respectable gentleman, Dr Jekyll, and how, under the pressure of high society in Victorian England, experiments with potions to eventually come up with one that would turn him into Mr Hyde, a disreputable and evil man. Written in 1886, the novella was based around the pressure to be respectable that Robert Louis Stevenson himself felt in high society of the Victorian era. It was also influenced by scandals of the time such as Deacon Brodie. Brodie, who suffered from gambling debts, was a cabinet maker for people in the higher class. To try and pay off his debts he would break into the cabinets that he had sold and steal the valuables inside. This fits into the story of Jekyll and Hyde since Jekyll is a nice, respectable gentleman who turns into an evil, lower class man, Hyde. There was also a growing awareness of chemistry and psychology at the time the novella was written. Sigmund Freud, a famous chemist and psychologist, convinced people that duality did exist in humans – that in one person there could be both good and evil, such as in Jekyll and Hyde, who were the same person, with the help of a potion, but Jekyll was good and Hyde evil. Since the novella was written in 1886 it was targeted at Victorian people. When it was first published it sold around 40,000 copies, mainly to the higher classes of Victorian England. They would have seen it as a twist on a horror book. The Victorians were into gothic books, except that they were always set in foreign countries and in the past. ‘Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde’ differs to these stories since it was set in London and in the then present day. In 1888, Jack the Ripper surfaced in the newspapers. This would not only have boosted the sales of Stevenson’s novella but would have been connected to it. Both the former and the latter ideas are because of the rumour that went around England at the time that Jack the Ripper was someone of upper class and respectable by day but commit atrocious murders by night, like the duality of Jekyll and Hyde. Duality appears throughout the novella, including the characters. Mr Utterson is a lawyer and good friend of Henry Jekyll. â€Å"†¦of a rugged countenance, that was never lighted by a smile; cold, scanty†¦Ã¢â‚¬  This description of Mr Utterson, from the first page, portrays him to be a grumpy man, with sharp features on his face, who doesn’t get on with anybody and who would drink on his own. However: â€Å"†¦somehow loveable.† This quote, again from the first page, shows the duality of the book since Utterson is described to be miserable and yet everybody loves him. This is enforced by the adjective ‘lovable’ since this word implies that he is pretty easy to get on with and he isn’t just liked by those who know and get on with him, instead he is loved. The quotes convey that no matter what someone’s demeanour they can still be kind and popular. This introduces the theme of duality for the reasons said above. â€Å"I let my brother go to the devil in his own way.† Being a lawyer, Mr Utterson is supposed to help others in any way he can, however, this metaphor is telling the reader that no matter how much he could do for someone, Utterson doesn’t really care about them. This portrays Robert Louis Stevenson’s idea of duality. â€Å"†¦least save his credit†¦I shall be back before midnight, when we shall send for the police.† This quote shows duality since Utterson himself said that he would ‘let his brother go to the devil in his own way’, yet here he is trying to save the reputation of one of his very good friends, Jekyll. To do this though, the good, honourable, respectable, law abiding lawyer does not send for the police as soon as he and Poole, Dr Jekyll’s butler, discover the dead body of a certain Mr Edward Hyde lying on Jekyll’s cabinet floor. Instead, he goes home for two hours to read the letters that both Dr Lanyon, another good friend of both Utterson and Jekyll, and Jekyll left for him to read on the disappearance or death of Henry Jekyll. It also shows duality in that Utterson is a lawyer, who should go to the police but doesn’t. â€Å"†¦in case of disappearance†¦read the name Gabriel John Utterson.† This quote shows duality because as Utterson finds, and reads, Jekyll’s Last Will and Testament, Utterson, to his own amazement, reads his name instead of Hyde’s. This shows duality since Utterson is down as the last good friend of Dr Henry Jekyll, who would become disreputable and a big scandal if any one were to find out what he did. Dr Lanyon is another character in the novella, and a good friend of Jekyll and Utterson. â€Å"This was a hearty, healthy, dapper, red faced gentleman with a shock of hair prematurely white.† This quote portrays Lanyon to be a friendly, upper class gentleman who has plenty to drink. However, later on in the novella, Stevenson describes Lanyon: â€Å"The rosy man had grown pale; his flesh had fallen away; he was visibly balder and older†¦Ã¢â‚¬  This quote and the latter, reveals the duality between them since in the first quote he is described as being healthy and in the second as being on his death bed. The reader would want to know what has happened in such a short time to make this change in Lanyon appear so suddenly – because he saw Hyde mix the potion, take a drink, and turn to Jekyll in front of his very own eyes – all of which is revealed in the second to last chapter ‘Dr Lanyon’s Narrative’. To get the potions to Hyde however, Jekyll had to get Lanyon to steal for him. The very idea of Jekyll wanting another respectable gentleman breaking in and stealing the potions for him and Hyde would have been a very big scandal if Lanyon was caught, and Lanyon would go from respectable gentleman to disrespectable in a few hours. Stevenson’s novella is all about Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde. â€Å"†¦the doctor gave one of his pleasant dinners†¦Ã¢â‚¬  This shows how Jekyll is popular among the upper class, among his friends, and rich enough to hold dinners. The adverb ‘pleasant’ conveys to the audience that everyone Jekyll invited got on with each other and it reinforces the idea that Jekyll is rich since he can hold dinners and provide nice food. â€Å"†¦sat Dr Jekyll, looking deadly sick.† This quote describes Jekyll sitting in his large cabinet room, after the death of sir Danvers Carew. It reveals how Jekyll is feeling remorse for knowing, or as the reader later finds out, for being Mr Hyde – who was identified as the murderer of Carew. It portrays how Jekyll regrets his actions and wishes, to get away from the pressures of high society life in Victorian England. â€Å"†¦8th of January Utterson had dined at the doctors†¦On the 12th, and again on the 14th, the door was shut against the lawyer.† This reference conveys to the audience the duality in the novella, since four days after Utterson had seen Jekyll, and dined with him and Dr Lanyon, he was being denied entry to Jekyll’s house. This shows the duality since Jekyll was so ill that he couldn’t stand up to greet Utterson when Utterson went to see him, before being fine and healthy enough to hold a dinner party and then not allowing anyone into his house to see him all of a sudden without anybody knowing why. â€Å"†¦born in 18__ to a large fortune†¦Ã¢â‚¬  This quote portrays how Henry Jekyll recognises how he was born into a rich family. The adjectives ‘large’ and ‘fortune’ suggests he was born into a highly respected family, something that was of high importance in Victorian England. It shows how he didn’t have to work hard for the position in society that he was in, only keep up his appearances with others of his class. â€Å"†¦worst of my faults was a certain gaiety of disposition, such as made the happiness of many†¦Ã¢â‚¬  This reference shows that Jekyll felt money wasn’t everything. He felt that where it made most men content, it didn’t make him happy. It conveys to the reader how he wants to be happy, although where he is in life and society wasn’t making his wishes come true. We learn later in the novella how this wish brings him to start mixing formulas that would eventually turn him into Mr Hyde. â€Å"†¦found it hard to reconcile with my imperious desire to carry my head high†¦Ã¢â‚¬  The quote above portrays how, although Jekyll wants to be happy, he believes the only way would be one that was irreputable. However, he does not wish to lose his place in the upper class of society and he does not wish to lose his friends, both of which would happen if he did what he desired to do to become happier. This therefore is what led Jekyll to create the potion, as well as the written version of events, for Utterson to read, in ‘Henry Jekyll’s full statement of the case’ where Dr Jekyll writes his version, and the truth of what happened in the last months of his life. â€Å"Hence it came about that I concealed my pleasures†¦Ã¢â‚¬  This reveals how Jekyll had been hiding secrets since before creating the mixture that would turn him to Hyde, hiding what it was that was making him happy. The verb ‘concealed’ tells the reader that Jekyll was being very careful about his pleasures. It conveys the importance of nobody finding out about Jekyll’s secret more than if Stevenson had written the verb ‘hid’ instead. â€Å"†¦already committed to a profound duplicity of life.† This conveys one of the themes in the novella, the theme of duplicity, and how it is not only in the settings and the characters but that the characters knew about it. We know this because of the adjective ‘duplicity’ – portraying to the reader how Jekyll has two lives, however different they are. â€Å"†¦morbid sense of shame.† This quote reveals how although Jekyll wanted to be happy, he is ashamed of how his life has turned out. The alliteration of the ‘s’ sound in ‘sense’ and ‘shame’ enforces the idea, in the readers mind, that he is ashamed of being Mr Hyde, of what he has done and is still doing as Mr Hyde and that both of these irreputable things are making him happy. â€Å"†¦not truly one, but truly two.† This does not reveal duality within the story, rather in the themes of the novella. It indicates the views of Dr Jekyll – that in one man, there is both good and evil, one of the themes. Jekyll describes how good and evil are different parts of the soul, and that good conquers evil in a raging war within the soul, and that is what makes a man good. â€Å"†¦flushed as I was with hope and triumph, to venture in my new shape†¦Ã¢â‚¬  As this quote conveys, Stevenson has written about how someone can be addicted to drugs. It shows that even someone of high stature can become addicted, in this case Dr Jekyll. Jekyll is addicted to how he can do what he wants as Mr Hyde, without losing any of his own stature, rather than do the respectable things he would have to do as himself to be happy. It reveals duality in the fact that a respectable gentleman such as Jekyll can be addicted to the painful pangs and nausea the mixture makes him feel, whilst turning into Hyde. Edward Hyde is often portrayed animal-like. â€Å"†¦like a monkey jumped up from among the chemicals.† This quote makes the reader imagine a monkey like creature jumping up upon hearing Poole, Jekyll’s butler, coming towards Jekyll’s cabinet. It creates the picture of Hyde being small, dumpy, and hairy and as having very long arms, whilst showing duality since Hyde is a man not a monkey. â€Å"The other snarled aloud into a savage laugh†¦Ã¢â‚¬  In this quote the adjective ‘snarled’ gives the image of Hyde as a savage beast, again being portrayed as some sort of animal. It also conveys how Hyde is an evil person, since someone who is portrayed as being a savage cannot be any good, and this would have been the view of people in Victorian England. Stevenson has used language to paint a picture of what Hyde might look like in the readers mind. â€Å"†¦so ugly that it brought out the sweat on me like running.† This reference, again, allows the reader to imagine what Hyde looks like. It conveys how the other characters react to Hyde, that they all feel an air of deformity whenever they see him or speak to him, and that he looks so ugly, so mean that they feel uneasy around him. All of the latter three quotes show duality since Hyde is portrayed as being a small and ugly man with the impression of being deformed somewhere on his body. He is also conveyed as a mean, evil person via the descriptive language used by Stevenson. This is in contrast to Jekyll, since Jekyll is a respected gentleman and doctor of chemistry, who is regularly invited to dinner parties hosted by other well respected people in society. He is also taller, thinner and older than Hyde. All of the characters who ‘meet’ Hyde in the novella seem to act in the same way towards him. This conveys to the reader just how unlikeable Hyde is. This is important to the story because it shows how everybody thinks him an evil man. It helps show the duality between Jekyll and Hyde. However, it isn’t just the characters that show duality within Stevenson’s â€Å"Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde†. It is also revealed in the settings – the weather and the buildings – and also in the narrative structure. â€Å"The door†¦neither bell nor knocker, was blistered and distained. Tramps slouched†¦Ã¢â‚¬  This quote portrays the quality of the door that Hyde uses to enter Dr Jekyll’s house and grounds. This is in contrast to the front of Jekyll’s house: â€Å"†¦which wore a great air of wealth and comfort†¦Ã¢â‚¬  This portrays an image of what Jekyll’s house looks like from the front – a grand house whose owner is wealthy and of a high social class. The latter quote also shows duality with Hyde’s house in Soho. â€Å"†¦showed him a dingy street†¦Ã¢â‚¬  This quote portrays what kind of area Hyde’s house is in. In the Victorian era, Soho was poverty stricken and full of prostitution, although there is no indication that Hyde was into prostitution and gambling (other than Jekyll turning into Hyde because doing respectable things did not make him happy). It shows the difference between Jekyll’s big, respectable house in a respectable of London and Hyde’s dingy flat on a polluted street in the centre of London. â€Å"An ivory faced and silvery haired woman†¦Ã¢â‚¬  This quote describes the Soho house landlady (or Hyde’s landlady). When the reader reads this they presume she is a nice friendly woman. However: â€Å"She had a smooth face, smoothed by hypocracy†¦Ã¢â‚¬  shows duality in contrast with the quote before. It shows how a nice old lady may look nice but in fact can be evil, someone who doesn’t like herself. I say evil because later in the chapter ‘The Carew Murder Case’ she is excited and delighted by the idea of Hyde being in trouble with the police. Hyde’s house in Soho is, to Utterson’s surprise, well furnished. â€Å"†¦furnished with luxury and good taste†¦Ã¢â‚¬  This conveys duality with how the house looks on the outside. With Soho being a dodgy area in Victorian England, and the street being described as ‘dingy’, the reader first imagines a poor, poverty filled room, not a luxury, well furnished house. London is also shown in a dual nature. â€Å"†¦down a by street in a busy quarter of London. The street was small and what is called quiet.† This quote shows duality in how although a street is in a busy area of London, off a busy main street; it is actually very quiet (it would be expected to be busy if it’s off a main street). Stevenson has even included duality in the weather. â€Å"†¦cool and a little damp, and full with premature twilight,†¦still bright with sunset.† This quote conveys duality to the reader since Jekyll’s courtyard is described at the beginning of the quote – that it is cold and looks as though it is around the time frame of dusk. However, the later half of the quote explains, it is in fact still sunny (nearing sunset) and so in theory Jekyll’s courtyard should be quite light. â€Å"A fog rolled over the city†¦ early part of the night was cloudless.† This reveals duality because it shows how the night was cloudless, until the fog came in. the adjective ‘rolled’ gives the impression that the fog came swiftly, rather than slowly. â€Å"About nine in the morning†¦ number of degrees and hues of twilight†¦ dark like the back end of evening†¦Ã¢â‚¬  This quote conveys to the reader that whatever time of day it is in Soho, it still looks like it’s dark, like it is night. This quote shows the duality of the weather by giving the time of day and describing what it looked like. The fog described is more likely to be smog from the factories, since the novella is set in the Victorian times. However, it does cast an eerie effect on the image conjured in the readers mind, would have made them think something sinister was about to happen. There are many locked doors in Stevenson’s novella. This symbolises how secretive the story is, Utterson hypothetically being stopped solving the mystery of Jekyll and Hyde, by doors not able to be opened until another section of the mystery is found, and the actual looked doors that Jekyll shuts himself up behind. The narrative structure also shows duality since in the first seven chapters the narrative is third person. â€Å"†¦resumed the lawyer.† This shows the third person narrative structure of ‘The Last Night’. However, the last two chapters are written in first person, ‘Dr Lanyon’s Narrative’ is written by Lanyon from his point of view and tells of what he knows about Jekyll and Hyde, and explains the cause of his death. The last chapter is also in first person, however this is from the perspective of Dr Jekyll himself, who explains everything that had happened. â€Å"I rose from my place†¦Ã¢â‚¬  These show duality because the first seven chapters, although written in third person, are all about Utterson and what he does to try and unravel the mystery between Jekyll and Hyde. They also show Utterson’s thoughts and feelings. The chapters are all arranged to follow what happens to Utterson and the titles are all to do with what happens within the chapter itself (and give a clue to what the chapter is about). The last two are in the order they are because that way Lanyon doesn’t repeat what the reader knows from reading Jekyll’s chapter, if they were the other way around. In this essay I have shown how Robert Louis Stevenson has presented the theme of duality in his novella ‘Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde’. I have achieved this by analysing the language of the text that describes the characters, weather, buildings and the narrative structure.